Lecture 2 Flashcards
Freudian Theory
Libido powers all processes in the body
id
Primary Process of thinking -Seen in infancy and dreams Immediate Gratification Freudian Slips Displacement and Symbolization -Father Figure= Bosses or Authority Figures - Phallic Symbols= Worries about penis
Ego
The reality principle
Secondary Process of Thinking
Uses the Libido to limit the Id
Delay of Gratification
Superego
Seat of Consciousness (Difference between right and wrong)
Unconscious Internalization of values and ideas
Topographic Theory
Ego- Half Conscious half unconscious
Superego- Mostly Unconscious
Id- All Unconscious
Developmental Theory & Advancing Army Metaphor
Change the focus of the Libido
Army leaves soldiers behind
If threatened, it regresses back to that point
Oral Stage
0-2 Years
Libido focused in mouth (breast feeding)
Breast feeding= Id–> automatic gratification of desire
Weaned off Breast milk too early- too dependent
Weaned of breast milk too late- Too independent
Oral Fixation: Obsession with stimulation of the mouth if these issues are not resolved
Anal Stage
2-3
Toilet Training= delay of gratification, strengthening of the ego
Training too strict–> too orderly and stingy (Anal retentive)
Training too lenient–> Messy (Anal expulsive)
Phallic Stage
3-4
Boys and Girls realize the Differences Between themselves= strengthening of superego
Boys- Oedipal Complex, Castration Anxiety
Must eventually learn to identify with father
If not resolved: Homosexuality, asexuality, promiscuity
Girls- Electra Complex, Penis envy
Must learn to identify with mother
If not resolved: Dominatrix, flirts with older men
Latency Stage
4- Puberty, Nothing happens
Genital Stage
Puberty
Learn to channel their libido into productive art
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Sublimation- Diverting urges into acceptable practices in society
Repression- Uncomfortable thoughts are unconsciously pushed out of the conscious
Suppression- Consciously push down thoughts out of the conscious
Reaction Formation- Forming the opposite reaction to the urges one has (homosexuality)
Rationalization: Creating rational reasons to explain irrational urges
Intellectualization: Analyzing urges in a cold calculating way to reduce the stressful emotional side
Psychotherapy
Allow the mind to wander
Analyze the connections between certain thoughts
Look for places of resistance
Transference
When subject transfers emotions from past memory onto therapist so they can objectively deal with these emotions rationally and productively
Scientific Validity of Freud
True: Defense Mechanisms
Conscious, Preconscious, Subconscious
Majority of Thought Processes in Subconscious
False: Contradicting Theories, Homosexuality, Asexuality and promiscuity??
Unknown: Still unable to test the link between toilet training, breast feeding and independence
Behaviorism
PF Skinner
No emotions, desires, thoughts, wants
Only stimuli, response, reinforcers, and punishments
Classic Conditioning
Originally: Unconditioned Stimulus(Food), Unconditioned Response (Salivating) Neutral Stimulus(bell)
Experiment: Pair Neutral Stimulus with unconditioned stimulus (Food + bell)
Result: Conditioned Stimulus (bell) conditions conditioned response( salivating)
Operant Conditioning
Response not to, but for certain stimulus
Trap Rat in Box with lever
Initially has multiple responses( scratching, moving around) and he occasionally hits lever
After multiple trials, the action of pushing lever becomes strengthened.
Positive/ Negative Punishment/Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement- Add reward (Give food)
Positive Punishment- Add punishment (Give shock)
Negative Reinforcement- Take away punishment (Rescind Shock)
Negative Punishment- Take away reward (Rescind Food)
Scientific Validity of Behaviorism
~Crippling to Psychology because it bans all mental urges
~Equipotentiality is False–> Certain biological limits
~New sentences said every day– origins of new thought
-Counter: Due to stimulus generalization, received reinforcement from similar sentences
COUNTER COUNTER- Similar in what way? Not from physical sounds of words but from the meanings that were interpreted- Interpretation requires thought
Generalization
Test subjects under classical conditioning exhibit the conditioned response for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus
Shaping
Successively close approximations to the desired response reinforced until the desired response is performed and can be reinforced
Rat Experiment Disproving Behaviorism
Two groups of rats, both were fed sweet water and noisy bright environment.
One group was given x-rays that caused them to feel nauseous–> Avoided the sweet water but not noisy water
One group given a shock –> Avoided the noisy bright environment but not sweet water
Evolutionary acts, not behavioral acts
