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SLS 20 > Lecture 17: Psychopathology > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Misconceptions

A
  1. Mental Disorders are not “real” pathologies
    - Lazy whiners
    - How society labels non conformists
  2. Mental Disorders are the same as physical pathologies
    - Are able to identify organic malfunctions in the brain
    - Simple identifiable causes(Gene, life, experience)
    * Mental disorders are real but they are poorly understood*
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2
Q

Measuring Psychopathology

A

-Disorders vary on a spectrum
~fear and anxiety-neurotic personality-phobia panic disorder
~Attention and competence-conscientiousness-anal retentive-obsessive compulsive disorder
-Projective and Objective tests-similar to personality test
-Symptom checklist

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3
Q

DSM IV

A

-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychological Association
-350 disorders
Mixed Status
-Convenient
-Scientific- Supports generalizations
-Economic( insurance reimbursement categories)
-Catergorical even though psychological disorders are family resemblance categories
May be dimensional rather than categorical

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4
Q

Two Axes of DSM IV

A

Axes 1- Major Clinical Disorders- Different ways of being crazy
Axis 2- Personality Disorder- Different ways of being annoying

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5
Q

Antisocial (Psychopathy, sociopath)

A

Axes 2 Disorder
Having no regard for others rights and emotions
impoverished in moral compass or conscious

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6
Q

Paranoid

A

Axes 2 Disorder

  • long standing suspiciousness or general mistrust of others
  • Hypersensitive, easily feel slighted
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7
Q

Histrionic

A

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, includes an excessive need for approval
4x more in women than in men

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8
Q

Narcissistic

A

Pervasive need of admiration, lack of empathy

Seen in depots and tyrants

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9
Q

Borderline

A
  • Instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, and marked impulsivity
  • Frantic efforts to avoid real or perceived abandonment
  • Alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
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10
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A 
Axis 1 or Axis 2
Axis 1
General Anxiety 
Phobia (Specific- spider, heights)
Agorophobia- Social phobia
Axis 2
PTSD
OCD- rituals, ruminations, checking
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11
Q

Mood Disorder

A

Major Depression

  • sadness
  • loss of energy and motivation
  • hopelessness
  • self doubt
  • Vicious cycle, Depression= withdrawal, loss of interest in life= Depression
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12
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

-Depression altering with mania(energy confidence euphoria), risk taking, sometimes delusions of grandeur

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13
Q

Psychotic Disorders

A 
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
-Disordered thought and speech
- Delusions, Halucinations
Negative Symptoms
Flattened affect
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14
Q

Developmental Disorder

A
  • Down Syndrome
  • ADHD/Hyperactive
  • Autism
  • Specific Language Impairment
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15
Q

Normal vs Pathology

A
  • over a long period of time
  • behaviors not appropriate to society
  • pervasive across many situations
  • causes suffering
  • indicates an internal malfunction
  • interferes with everyday function
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16
Q

Causes of Mental Disorders FALSE

A

-cold mother= autism
-Double bind= schizophrenia
-Pavlonians theory of phobia (Little Albert)
False biological theories
-Environmental toxins= autism
- Parasite from cats= schizophrenia

17
Q

Cause of Mental Disorder

A

-Simple biological causes for only a few diseases(Eg. Down Sydrome)
-Many Follow “Stress-diathesis” model
genetic predisposition(diathesis) + environmental stress

18
Q

Behavioral Genetic Techniques

A
  • MZ vs DZ
  • Biological vs Adopted
  • MZ separated at birth
19
Q

First Law of Behavioral Genetics

A

All behavioral traits are heritable (variation in a population partially due to genetics)

  • intelligence
  • personality
  • virtually all mental disorders
20
Q

3 Puzzles of Genetic Basis

A
  1. Environmental Puzzle
  2. Genetic Puzzle
  3. Evolutionary Puzzle
21
Q

Environmental Puzzle

A

What are the non genetic causes of psychopathology?
- Why do identical twins only correlate .5?
- What is stress? Not independently identified
~Problems with retrospective accounts
~People with psychopathology could account past experiences as more stressful
-Perhaps random developmental and life events (non shared events)

22
Q

Genetic Puzzle

A

What genes cause these disorders?
-Few have been linked to personality variation
Dopamine receptor- sensation seeking, extroverted
Seratonin transporter- susceptibility to depression
-Simple neurotransmitter theories false
-Prozac takes weeks to have effect
-Genes found account for tiny % of variation

23
Q

“Missing Heritability Paradox”

A

IQ, personality disorder are highly heritable, yet it is difficult to find the genes that account for these differences

  • Generally complex diseases- non mendelian
  • Possible compilation of multiple genes result in personality
  • Genes with large effect could only be seen in sub-populations
24
Q

Evolutionary Puzzle

A

Why do susceptibility genes persist in the population?
-Should have been selected against and gone extinct a long time ago because they are harmful(low mate attraction and reproduction) and heritable
-

25
Q

Possible Solutions to the Evolutionary Puzzle

A

Beneficial to have some uncomfortable experiences
-Anxiety- Motivator to action
-Depression- Slows down, reassess, more realistic
-Physical Pain a necessary trait
Puzzle over the major clinical disorders

26
Q

Resolutions to Major Clinical Disorder Puzzle

A
  1. Ancestor Neutrality
    -Traits weren’t harmful in past environments, only in modern environment
    -Plausible for obesity, drug abuse, ADHD
  2. Balancing Selection
    Gene advantageous in certain contexts
    context= -other genes in organism
    -mixture of environment over space and time
    -Maintains genetic Diversity in a population
    - Problematic because in most disorders advantages are outweighed by disadvantages
  3. Mutation Selection Balance
    Takes a long time to select against certain traits– especially complex traits such as personality
    maybe environment is still in the process of selecting against traits
27
Q

Evidence for Mutation Selection Balance

A
  • Missing Heritability Paradox- Everyone is pathological for a different reason
  • Mental Disorders are organized over a continuum with normal variation
  • Most genetic disruptions increase chance of pathologies
  • Inbreeding
  • Chromosomal disruption
  • Most environmental disruptions increase chance of pathologies
  • brain trauma, head injury, famine

SLS 20 (17 decks)

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