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SLS 20 > Lecture 16: Kin and Socialization > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Kin and Socialization Flashcards

1
Q

r

A

probability that a gene will be shared because of inheritance from an ancestor

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2
Q

Altruism towards Kin Equation

A

Only selected for if

Cost to self

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3
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Most Altruism in animals is kin directed
When individuals live near their parents, they have 2 options
1. Have their own offspring
2. Stay and help their mother have more offspring
Often option 1 because often times there are different fathers: result in only half siblings
Having your own children is more secure

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4
Q

Eusociality in Social Insects

A
  • Live in colonies with the queen
  • Queen reproduces with few drones
  • Majority of the bees are workers that allow the queen to focus on reproducing
  • Workers are ultimate altruists
  • Sacrifice themselves for queen
  • Sterile
  • Castes are hyper specialized
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5
Q

Social Insects vs Humans

A
  • All humans can reproduce
  • My needs vs needs of the community
  • Not as altruistic as bees- limited by reciprocity, potential conflicts among kin
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6
Q

Kin Solidarity in Humans

A
  1. Kinship used as a metaphor for love and solidarity
    - Patriotism, brotherhood,fraternity and sorority
    - Cults and new religions simulate family environment
  2. Traditional Societies Oriented on Kinship
    - Universality of family
    - Tribal societies centered around kinship
    - Differences in family structure across cultures (patrilocal vs matrilocal
  3. Most unreciprocated altruism between kin
    - Organ donations
    - Monetary loans
    - Food Sharing
  4. Step Relations vs Biological Relations
    - Step parents- bicker more, feel less close
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7
Q

Cinderella Effect

A

Ubiquity of Cinderella stories

Step children are most vulnerable to abuse

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8
Q

Real vs Percieved Kinship

A
  • Adopted children less vulnerable to abuse than step children (Both r=0)
  • Individuals can’t perceive kinship directly, only sense kinship cues (ex. living together)
  • Adoptive parents often simulate biological family
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9
Q

Darwinian Strategies: Bearing vs Caring

A
  • Parental investment- Effort expanded for benefitting one offspring at the expense of another (existing or future)
  • Quality vs Quantity
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10
Q

Parent Offspring Conflict

A
  1. Weaning Conflict
  2. Keeping father away from mother (Oedipal conflict)
  3. Infanticide
    - Infants highly vulnerable to death in first years
    - Either keep newborn and invest 2-4 years or abandon newborn and start over
    - Dependent on infants help, the mothers ability to caretake vs viability of infant
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11
Q

Infants Tools Against Infanticide

A
  • Cuteness (Round head, large eyes) elicits love and compassion for human race
  • Cry
  • Tantrums and Cry– Seems paradoxical *
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12
Q

Socialization

A

Conventional Wisdom: Parents socialize their kids for their own good
Trivers: Parents socialization may not be for the child’s own good– must treat siblings as well as themselves

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13
Q

Personality

A

Full set of cognitive, social, emotional components that generate behavior and how these characteristics differ among people

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14
Q

Personality Measurements

A

Projective Test: Ink Blot

Projective: Inkblot testing and TAT while objective tests ask deep question

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15
Q

Big 5 Personality Dimensions

A

-Oppenness/non-openenes*Daring vs cornformative
Conscentious/ Undirectedness(careless or careful)
Extraversion/Introversion (sociable or retiring)
Agreeable vs Antagonism (coutreous vs rude)
Neuroticism and Stability( constantly worrying calm and self satisfied

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16
Q

Parental Influence on Children

A

Parental Influence:
Parental behavior correlates more with children’s personality and intelligence
-Parent who spanks = more violent children
-Parent who is assertive= kids who are more well adjusted
-Mother with secure relationships= kids more better relationship

17
Q

Parental Influence Critique

A
  • Parents also provide children with genetic information
    -How to separate genetic influence from behavioral influence
    Harris: Effects of parents are overrated
    -Lack of Shared environment effects
    -Few effects of family structure seen in personality. Only
    -Children vs siblings
    -Birth order
    -Gay parents
    -Day care vs traditional family
18
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

How much variation in personality is due to genes, family environment and other causes

19
Q

3 Potential Influences on Personality

A

Heritability- Amount total variation in a population is due to genes
Shared Common Environment- How much variation in a population is due to the shared environment of each twin
Non shared Environment-Percent of variation due to other environmental factors

20
Q

Twin Method

A

Monozygotic Twins vs Dizygotic Twins
Heritability- High when MZ similarities are more the DZ similarities
Shared Common Environment- High when many similarities between MZ and DZ
NonShared Environment- High when MZ are not similar

21
Q

Adoption Method

A

Biological Siblings vs Adopted
Heritability- High when biological siblings are more similar than adopted
Shared Environment- High when adopted and biological siblings are similar
Non shared Environment- Whatever is left over

22
Q

Twin Separated at Birth

A

Heritability- High if twins are similar

Shared Environment- High if twins are less similar than twins raised together

23
Q

PERSONALITY DIFFERENCE RESULTS

A 
Heritability- 50 percent
Shared Environment- 0-5 percent
Non Shared Environment- 50 percent. Could be due to:
-Chance biological event
-Chance environmental event
- Parent child interactions
- Sibling Conflict
-Peer conflict socialization
24
Q

Peer Socialization

A
  1. Personality Phenomena- Children find different niches within peer groups, change themselves to prosper in them
  2. Socialization- Children pick up cultural skills, societal values from their peer groups- not parents
    - language,cultural tastes conform to peers, not parents
    - Juvenile delinquency, smoking predicted by peers and genes

SLS 20 (17 decks)

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