Lecture 2

Question 1

What is personal distress in the context of psychological disorders?

Answer 1

A person’s behavior causes significant personal distress, such as emotional pain and suffering.

Not all psychological disorders cause distress, e.g., antisocial personality disorder.

Question 2

What does disability refer to in psychological disorders?

Answer 2

Impairment in an important area, such as chronic substance abuse resulting in job loss.

Not all psychological disorders involve disability.

Question 3

Define dysfunction in psychological terms.

Answer 3

Developmental, psychological, and/or biological systems are not working as they should.

These systems are interrelated, meaning dysfunction in one can influence another.

Question 4

What are the 4 D’s in defining psychological disorders?

Answer 4

Disability, dysfunction, danger, and distress.

Question 5

What are social norms?

Answer 5

Widely held standards and beliefs used to make judgments about behaviors.

Question 6

Give an example of behavior that may violate social norms.

Answer 6

Repetitive rituals in obsessive-compulsive disorder or talking to nonexistent voices in schizophrenia.

Question 7

What are biological theories of mental illness?

Answer 7

Similar to physical diseases, they suggest breakdowns of some systems in the body.

Question 8

What did supernatural theories attribute mental illness to?

Answer 8

Displeasure of the gods or possession by demons, often treated with exorcism.

Question 9

What was trephination?

Answer 9

Drilling holes in people’s heads to release evil spirits causing hallucinations.

Question 10

What were Hippocrates’ contributions to understanding mental disorders?

Answer 10

He proposed that mental disturbances have natural causes and categorized them into mania, melancholia, and phrenitis.

Question 11

What were asylums used for during the Renaissance?

Answer 11

Confinement and care of people with psychological disorders.

Question 12

Who is considered the father of American psychiatry?

Answer 12

Benjamin Rush.

Question 13

What did Philippe Pinel advocate for in asylums?

Answer 13

Humane treatment and compassion towards patients.

Question 14

What was the role of Dorothea Dix in mental health care?

Answer 14

She crusaded for improved conditions and established 32 new public hospitals.

Question 15

What does moral treatment emphasize?

Answer 15

Respect, dignity, and encouragement of self-control for individuals with mental illness.

Question 16

What is the significance of unconditional positive regard according to Carl Rogers?

Answer 16

It refers to accepting individuals as they are, suggesting mental illness arises from societal pressures.

Question 17

What was the de-institutionalization movement of the 1960s focused on?

Answer 17

The belief that mental patients could recover more fully with community support.

Question 18

What discovery linked syphilis to mental illness?

Answer 18

The discovery of the biological cause of general paresis, which leads to paralysis and insanity.

Question 19

Who developed a classification system for distinct disorders?

Answer 19

Emil Kraepelin.

Question 20

What did Francis Galton contribute to the study of mental illness?

Answer 20

He was the originator of genetic research with twins, leading to the idea that mental illness can be inherited.

Question 21

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Answer 21

A biological treatment still used today for severe mental illness.

Question 22

What was the purpose of a prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 22

To control violent behaviors by destroying connections in the brain, often leading to negative side effects.

Question 23

What is the focus of the psychoanalytic perspective?

Answer 23

The role of the unconscious in influencing behavior.

Question 24

What did behaviorism study in relation to mental illness?

Answer 24

The role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior.

Question 25

What is the cognitive approach to psychology?

Answer 25

It emphasizes that how we think influences our behaviors and emotions.

Question 26

What is the current trend in mental health treatment?

Answer 26

Community treatment orders and integration of various mental health professionals.

Question 27

What were the ethical issues in the history of mental health care in Canada?

Answer 27

Inhumane treatments and lack of consent for procedures like lobotomies.

Question 28

What are the responsibilities of provinces/territories in Canada regarding health care?

Answer 28

Each is responsible for administering health care services.

Question 29

What are the consequences of deinstitutionalization?

Answer 29

Treatment facilities for criminal offenders deemed mentally ill and a focus on rehabilitation.