Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is personal distress in the context of psychological disorders?
A person’s behavior causes significant personal distress, such as emotional pain and suffering.
Not all psychological disorders cause distress, e.g., antisocial personality disorder.
What does disability refer to in psychological disorders?
Impairment in an important area, such as chronic substance abuse resulting in job loss.
Not all psychological disorders involve disability.
Define dysfunction in psychological terms.
Developmental, psychological, and/or biological systems are not working as they should.
These systems are interrelated, meaning dysfunction in one can influence another.
What are the 4 D’s in defining psychological disorders?
Disability, dysfunction, danger, and distress.
What are social norms?
Widely held standards and beliefs used to make judgments about behaviors.
Give an example of behavior that may violate social norms.
Repetitive rituals in obsessive-compulsive disorder or talking to nonexistent voices in schizophrenia.
What are biological theories of mental illness?
Similar to physical diseases, they suggest breakdowns of some systems in the body.
What did supernatural theories attribute mental illness to?
Displeasure of the gods or possession by demons, often treated with exorcism.
What was trephination?
Drilling holes in people’s heads to release evil spirits causing hallucinations.
What were Hippocrates’ contributions to understanding mental disorders?
He proposed that mental disturbances have natural causes and categorized them into mania, melancholia, and phrenitis.
What were asylums used for during the Renaissance?
Confinement and care of people with psychological disorders.
Who is considered the father of American psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush.
What did Philippe Pinel advocate for in asylums?
Humane treatment and compassion towards patients.
What was the role of Dorothea Dix in mental health care?
She crusaded for improved conditions and established 32 new public hospitals.
What does moral treatment emphasize?
Respect, dignity, and encouragement of self-control for individuals with mental illness.
What is the significance of unconditional positive regard according to Carl Rogers?
It refers to accepting individuals as they are, suggesting mental illness arises from societal pressures.
What was the de-institutionalization movement of the 1960s focused on?
The belief that mental patients could recover more fully with community support.
What discovery linked syphilis to mental illness?
The discovery of the biological cause of general paresis, which leads to paralysis and insanity.
Who developed a classification system for distinct disorders?
Emil Kraepelin.
What did Francis Galton contribute to the study of mental illness?
He was the originator of genetic research with twins, leading to the idea that mental illness can be inherited.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A biological treatment still used today for severe mental illness.
What was the purpose of a prefrontal lobotomy?
To control violent behaviors by destroying connections in the brain, often leading to negative side effects.
What is the focus of the psychoanalytic perspective?
The role of the unconscious in influencing behavior.
What did behaviorism study in relation to mental illness?
The role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior.
What is the cognitive approach to psychology?
It emphasizes that how we think influences our behaviors and emotions.
What is the current trend in mental health treatment?
Community treatment orders and integration of various mental health professionals.
What were the ethical issues in the history of mental health care in Canada?
Inhumane treatments and lack of consent for procedures like lobotomies.
What are the responsibilities of provinces/territories in Canada regarding health care?
Each is responsible for administering health care services.
What are the consequences of deinstitutionalization?
Treatment facilities for criminal offenders deemed mentally ill and a focus on rehabilitation.
