Lecture 2

Question 1

China 2600 BC

Answer 1

-ying and yang
—negative and positive life forces
—mania caused by too much yang

Question 2

Ancient Egypt

Answer 2

-Wandering uterus
—dislodged uterus walked around interfering with other organs

Question 3

Hippocrates (5th century BC)

Answer 3

-Mental disturbances have natural causes (brain pathology)
- 3 categories of disorders
1. Mania
2. Melancholia
3. Phrenetis (brain fever)
-healthy brain function depends on balance of 4 humours

Question 4

Renaissance (rise of asylums)

Answer 4

-Hospitals began to include special rooms for people with mental disorders
—treatment was often inhumane

Question 5

Priory of st Mary of Bethlehem

Answer 5

-one of first mental institutions
-the wealthy could pay to gape at patients

Question 6

Benjamin rush (father of American psychology)

Answer 6

-recommended blood letting to relieve blood pressure
-used fear as a cure (told patients death is near

Question 7

Pinels reform and moral treatment

Answer 7

-pioneered humane treatment in asylums
—emphasized passion and dignity
-not accessible to non-upper class
—small, privately funded hospitals

Question 8

Dorothea dix (early 1800s)

Answer 8

-improved conditions for people with psychological disorders
—her work established 32 new public hospitals
-small staffs could not accommodate large influx of patients seeking care

Question 9

Deinstitutionalization in the 60s

Answer 9

Patients rights movement
-belief that mental patients could recover more fully if they had community support

Question 10

20th century biology

Answer 10

1. discovery of cause of general paresis (syphillis)
2. classification system for distinct disorders
3. Casual link between infection and damage to the brain and psychopathology
   —biological causes gained credibility

Question 11

Genetics

Answer 11

Galton motioned that mental illness can be inherited
-genetic research with twins
Led to eugenics movement
—legalized forced sterilization

Question 12

Stone Age

Answer 12

Trephination
-drilling into the mind to remove evil spirits

Question 13

Medieval times

Answer 13

Madness as punishment
-witchcraft

Question 14

Supernatural theories

Answer 14

Divine intervention, omens, demonic possession, personal sin, etc.
-displeasure of the gods or possession by demons
—treated with exorcisms

Question 15

The psychological perspective (early 20th century)

Answer 15

Freud, mesmer (hypnosis) Charcot, etc.
-focused on role of unconscious
-hypnosis

Question 16

Behaviorism

Answer 16

Examined role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior
-classical conditioning
-brain: input/output

Question 17

Cognition

Answer 17

Idea that how we think influences our behaviors and emotions

Question 18

Albert Ellis

Answer 18

People prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world

Question 19

What things look like now

Answer 19

1. Deinstitutionalization
2. Clinical psychologist, marriage and family therapists, psychiatrists, etc.
3. Integrationist approach

Question 20

Mental health care in Canada

Answer 20

Was not always ethical
-MK Ultra
-Lobotomies out of scientific curiosity
—not banned until 80s

Question 21

Asylums in Canada

Answer 21

Little cohesion of idea amidst provinces
-first were built during the institution building period prior to WWI

Question 22

Universal health care

Answer 22

1970s
-health administration for each province/territory
-healthcare reorganization and funding cuts
—closing of long term psychiatric hospitals
-community expected to take over some services
—community treatment orders
—leads to increase in prison population, poverty, etc.

Question 23

Transinstitutionalization

Answer 23

More care is now provided in general hospital psychiatric units