Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is a palpable lesion
Is a sweling that is not seen but felt
In histology what is the difference between situ and invasive
In situ the cells have not crossed the basement membrane while invasive the cells cross the basement membrane and goes to the nearest organ
When is catheterized urine collected
In situations when someone is unable to hold urine e.g indweling catheter
What are the disadvantages of indweling catheter
- The cells may damage or deteriorate due to overstay in the catheter
- Cells disloged by catheter can mimic abnormal cells
Define bladder washing
Is the use of catheter as a passage to flush the bladder with normal seline (0.85 -0.95 Naoh)
Why do we use normal saline in various lab test
Because the concentration of normal saline is similar to that of bodily salts as a result the cells are not damaged
Explain the technique of bladder washing
A sringe will pump normal saline into the catheter to the bladder and pumped back into the sringe and it is used immediately
What are the fluids that are used in histology
- Pleural fluid
- Csf fluid
- Bronchoaveoli. Secretions between bronchi and alveoli/ flushing normal saline in the airways
- Sputum
- Servical smear and vaginal smear
What is cytocentrifugation
Cytocentrifugation, also known as a cytospin, is a specialized laboratory technique used to concentrate cells from fluid specimens onto a microscope slide.
What causes cervical cancer
HPV virus
Mode of transmission of HPV virus
Sexually transmitted
What is genital warts
Genital warts, also known as condylomata acuminata, are soft growths that appear on or around the genitals. Here’s what you need to know:
Cause and Transmission:
Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are more than 40 strains of HPV that affect the genital area.
These warts are spread through sexual contact. Even if they are too small to be seen, you can still transmit the infection to your sexual partner.
Appearance and Symptoms:
Genital warts can grow on various parts of the genital area, including:
Vulva
Walls of the vagina
Area between the outer part of the genitals and the anus
Anal canal
Cervix
Tip or shaft of the penis
Scrotum
Anus
They can also form in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected individual.
Symptoms include:
Small swellings in the genital area (which may be skin-colored or a different color).
A cauliflower-like shape caused by several warts close together.
Itching or discomfort in the genital area.
Bleeding during sex.
Sometimes, genital warts can be so small and flat that they are not visible to the naked eye. However, in individuals with weakened immune systems, they can multiply into large clusters.
Risk Factors:
Most sexually active people get infected with genital HPV at some point.
Factors that raise the risk of infection include:
Not getting the HPV vaccine
Unprotected sex (without a condom) or having multiple sexual partners
History of other sexually transmitted infections
Sexual partners with unknown sexual history
Early sexual activity
Weakened immune system (e.g., due to HIV or organ transplant medications)
What is hpv 6
HPV 6 is one of the low-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Let’s explore more about it:
Characteristics:
HPV 6 is associated with approximately 90% of genital warts.
It can also cause changes to the cervix.
Genital warts appear as cauliflower-shaped bumps on the genitalia and usually manifest a few weeks or months after exposure to a sexual partner who has HPV.
These warts are considered low-risk because they do not lead to cancer or other serious health problems.
Explain the pathogenis of hpv
After infection it will affecting the bassal aquamous tissue then it will go to parabasal then intermediate cells
What is the transformation zone
Is important in the cervical cancer screening because it is where cancer beggins
When canwe do Pap smear
12 days after menstruction period
What materials are needed to do Pap smear specimen collection
Gynaecologic bed
Speculum
Gloves
Normal saline
Collection devices
What are the types of urine specimens used for cytologic purposes
- Voided urine (clean catch is recommended)
- Catheterized urine
- Bladder washing
What are the advantages of fine needle aspiration
1.Any organ can be reached with this technique
2. Several passes are made through the mass
What is fine needle aspiration
Is a means of obtaining a specimen from superficial or deep seated masses using fine needles
Explain the procedure of fine needle aspiration
A syringe is attached to the needle for aspiration to contain potential fluid from the mass
Fixation is done immediately after smear preparation( 15 sec delày leads to air dry)
Leave smear in fixative for atleast 15 min to air dry
Stain and mount ready for microscope examination
What is a cervix
Is aan opening of the uterine cavity into vagina
Differentiate endocervix and ectocervix
Indocervix is inside while ectocervix is outside
Ectocervix is made up of non-keratinising squamous cell epithelim while endocervix is made up of collumnar epithelium
What is the transfomartion zone
Is the area where two epithelial meet
It is where cancer arises from
