Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the advantages of cytopathology

Answer 1

1. More rapid and simple
2. Producess less injury to tissue and allows repeated cellular sampling
3. Samples wider surface than biopsy
4. Can reach areas inaccessible to biopsy
5. The entire cell is studied in 3D

Question 2

What are the limitations of cytopathology

Answer 2

1. Interpretation of morphological changes is based on individual cell observation
2. Cytologic diagnosis is mostly nit final and must be confirmed by histology
3. Screening of smear can be time consuming
4. The type of lesionis difficult to determine by the smear

Question 3

What is the difference between benign and malignant

Answer 3

Benign normal
Malignant means abnormal

Question 4

What is incision

Answer 4

Means to cut, whole thing is removed

Question 5

Define histopathology

Answer 5

Study of tissues in disease conditions

Question 6

Define cytology

Answer 6

Is the science that deals with the analysis of fine structures of cell by light microscope

Question 7

Who is a pathologist

Answer 7

A medical doctor who specialises in any one of the medical subdivisions

Question 8

Who is a medical laboratory technologist

Answer 8

Technical personnel usually with first degree who are responsible for day to day technical work in the laboratory

Question 9

What are the duties of a cytotechnologist

Answer 9

1. BePerformance and processing of cytological specimens
2. Screens the prepared slides and selects the abnormal cases to be reviewed by the cytopathologist

Question 10

What are the roles of anatomical pathology

Answer 10

1. Involved in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease process by examining the tissue or cellular specimens
2. Plays a role in preventing disease through screening programs e.g cytology screening of cervical cancer
3. Involved in the conduct of research to improve on previous knowledge or obtain entirely knew knowledge that is useful in improving both patient or public health

Question 11

Explain the lab diagnosis of cancer

Answer 11

1. The two ends of the benign- malignant spectrum pose no problems
2. The middle spectrum should be cautiously treaded
3. The specimen must be adequate, representative and properly preserved

Question 12

Explain the methods of sampling

Answer 12

1. Excision or biopsy
2. Fine needle aspiration
3. Cytologic smears

Question 13

Expand the fine needle aspiration

Answer 13

It involves aspiration of cells from a mass followed by Cytologic examination of the smear.
Mostly common with readily palpable lesions affecting the breast, thyroid, lymph nodes and salivary grands
Morned imaging permits extension of the method to deeper obviates surgery and its attendant risks

Question 14

What is the difference between exfoliate and finale needle aspiration

Answer 14

Exfoliate cytology involves studying the cell shed into body cavities and those mechanically removed by simple abrasion while fine needle aspiration involves studying cells that are aspirated using a fine needle

Question 15

What are the indications for cytology

Answer 15

1. Sreening- looking for abnormalities in apparently normal population
2. Diagnosis- looking for abnormality in symptomatic
3. Prognosis- predicting the course of disease either upon admission or after therapy commencement