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Genetics 2 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The 2 DNA strands have

A

Opposite polarity

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2
Q

Why AT and CG

A

due to the nature of pyrimidines and purines by this conformation balance is ensured by maintaining 3 rings.

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3
Q

Nuclear lamina is

A

Intermediate filaments beneath the inner membrane

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4
Q

Nuclear lamina and outer membrane filaments

A

Support the nuclear pore complex

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5
Q

When can we view heterochromatin and euchromatin

A

Feulgen stain under the cytophotometer
Somatic cells only
S phase

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6
Q

Why heterochromatin is hard to transcribe

A

Tightly coiled and condensed

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7
Q

Are heterochromatin and euchromatin the same in all cells

A

No, in fact the whole chromosome can become inactivated like dose compensation in females
Growth hormones somatostatin and somatotropin are heterochromatin after 18

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8
Q

Some liver cells are

A

Polyploidy
2n/4n/8n

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9
Q

Chromatin can be isolated biochemically by
Appears
Contains

A

Cell lysis in hypotonic solution
Viscous and gelatinous
DNA/RNA/histones/non histones
31/5/36/28

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10
Q

Why the pea embryo rna is so much different in comparison with dna than liver cells

A

As pea embryo are ready to germinate whenever conditions are suitable

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11
Q

During mitosis the chromosome split is visible due to
.. but not in
.. where it already happened

A

Condensation
S phase

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12
Q

Centromere replicates at

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

Chromatin thread is the same as

A

Chromonemata

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14
Q

Chromomeres are

A

Bead like structured that are sometimes visible during interphase
Obv in polytene chromosomes
Due to close coiling of chromonemata

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15
Q

Polytene chromosomes z

A

Very buffed areas in drosophila salivary glands abt 1000 chromatin fibers successive replication but no cytokinesis endomitosis
Large diameter

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16
Q

Centromere

A

Primary constriction
Non stainable gap

17
Q

Centromere Has….chromatid…appears…

A

Very thin as it is uncoiled
Unstained with feulgen so stained with centromeric stain

18
Q

Centromere function

A

Spindle fibers attach to it at metaphase to ensure chromosomes arrive to daughter cells without it the chromosomes will be lost

19
Q

Spindle fibers are

A

Discontinuous

20
Q

More than 1 centromere

A

Dicentric
Tricentric
Holocentric
Acentric

21
Q

Centromere positions

A

Meta v
Telo/acro i
Submeta j

22
Q

S.cerevisae centromeres length
Plasmid importance

A

100-120bp with 3 essential regions
2um fragments

23
Q

The centromeres of different chromosomes are …without…

A

CEN
Interchangable
Having any detectable effect

24
Q

Region I and III
Region II
In s.cerevisae

A

Conserved, binding sites for spindle
AT rich 90bp length and nature important than sequence

25
Q

2ndry constriction must be….
Has……
But not….
They are in….chromosmes

A

In every chromosome
NOR (nucleolar organising regions)
Every 2ndry constriction has them
5 acrocentric with staellites
13,14,15,21,22

26
Q

NOR has genes that code for

A

45 s RNA/ 18 s RNA/28s rRNA/ 5.8 s rRNA

27
Q

Chromosome+NOR

A

Nucleolar chromosome
Usually 2 in a diploid cell

28
Q

Telomeres function

A

Prevent DNases from degrading the DNA molecule
Prevents ends fusion
Facilitate replication without loss of material

29
Q

Telomeres are…. repeated
In humans
From 1-4

A

Short sequence tandemly 500-3000
5’TAG3’
TTAGGG
T or G

30
Q

Enzyme of telomere
End proteins of telomere
Telomere associated sequence

A

Telonerase
Sheltrin
Repetitve DNA near the telomeres

31
Q

Most telomeres terminate with…. Called…. Length

A

C rich single strand
3’overhang
125-175 bp

32
Q

10nm ellipsodial beads
DNA in bacterial chromosomes is…and..

A

Nucleosomes
Circular, contains 50 -vely supercoiled domains

33
Q

Heterochromatin beneath nuclear lamins around nucleolus is called

A

Nucleolus associated chromatin

34
Q

Chromosome duplication occurs in

A

S phase

35
Q

How cell distinguishes telomeres from sites of damage

A

Due to sheltrin proteins
TIN2,TPP1,RAP1 complex

Genetics 2 (10 decks)

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