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Genetics 2 > Lect 5 > Flashcards

Lect 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome painting

A

It is a technique that allows the visualization of chromosomes and the regions why hybridization with fluorescent DNA probes producing different colors at each side of hybridization

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2
Q

Why chromosome painting

A

To detect numerical and chromosomal aberrations relationship with diseases

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3
Q

Used on

A

Animal and human chromosomes for cancer
Recently on plants

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4
Q

FISH provides intense and…fluorescent staining at …and…

A

Specific
Metaphase
Interphase

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5
Q

First identified translocated chromosome in human neoplasia

A

Philadelphia chromosome
T(9:22)(q34:p11)

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6
Q

Each homologous pair of chromosomes are
FISH depends on..

A

Similarly painted
Computer analysis softwares

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7
Q

B chromosomes are…..
Due to….

A

Extra chromosomes to the standard complement and non essential
Inter and intraspecies crosses

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8
Q

B chromosomes are……jumping genes
They display . Inheritance
They collect….and…

A

Transposons
Non mendelian
Transposons and repetitive DNA

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9
Q

B chromosomes help scientists study…and in…

A

Centromeres
Genetic engineering

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10
Q

B chromosomes are also called
…eukaryotes
…mammals

A

Supernumerary chromosomes
15%
1.2%

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11
Q

The 3 main characteristics of B chromsomes

A

Non essential
Morphology distinct from As
Display non mendelian inheritance

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12
Q

Are B chromosomes in all members of a species?
They vary in…and…
Example with grass

A

No
Copy number, in an individual, acc to tissue
No in roots but in aerial tissues and gametes

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13
Q

B chromosomes are usually….
Size in plants
Size in mammals

A

Heterochromatinised
Smaller then smallest As
Similar to As

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14
Q

Do As and Bs pair and combine during meiosis

A

No

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15
Q

What is a meiotic drive

A

The bias in the transmission of certain alleles or chromosomes during meiosis

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16
Q

Why Bs show non mendelian drive

A

To allow accumulation and inheritance at greater ratios

17
Q

Plants drive

A

Post meiotic nondisjunction in gametophytes, no proper separation of gametes after meiosis resulting in abnormal no of chromosomes.

Premeiosis, during meiosis
After fertilisation like oocytes of parasitic wasp

18
Q

Bs with drive in mammals usually have

A

Meiotic drive in females

19
Q

Bs freq is independent of…..
But larger….has…

A

Genome ploidy
Genomes more Bs

20
Q

…..Bs are…..with pollution and stress
More Bs=….=….

A

Vertebrates
Positively correlated
Larger cell size, more mass, longer mitosis, low RNA levels

21
Q

Bs applications

A

Amenability for research
Maize Bs
BA translocations and non disjunction
Mapping loci on maize As
Engineering minichromosomes

22
Q

Bs in maize

A

loci mapping, centromere biology, gene dosage, engineered minichromosomes

23
Q

Reciprocal translocations between As and Bs can lead to…..during…leading to

A

disjunction
Meiosis
Sperm with varying no. Of chromosomes

24
Q

BA translocations are in all maize As expect ….
Allows the ….of chromosome arm where….

A

8s
Identification
Gene of interest is present

25
Q

Do cells with damaged Bs suffer from aneuploidy

A

No

26
Q

Artificial chromosomes are

A

Synthetic chromosomes with DNA fragments integrated into a host chromosome.
Non viral, non bacterial DNA into bacterial chromosome then expressed and continues with host

27
Q

Artificial chromosomes are used for

A

Transfection of cells

28
Q

Why use BAC not YAC

A

More stable
No chimeric effect

29
Q

Plasmid vs BAC vs YAC

A

10k
300k
1 million

30
Q

What is the chimeric effect

A

For the gene to be expressed in some cells but not the others in the same organism

31
Q

Advantages of BAC

A

Larger genes
Several genes at once
entire viral genome

32
Q

The process of introducing BAC
Results
Media

A

Foreign DNA is ligated into lac z gene of bacterial F plasmid
BAC is electroporated into E.coli
Positive is white
Negative is blue
Media is x gal

33
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome structure

A

Folded genome
50-100 loops each -vely supercoiled

34
Q

DNases vs RNases

A

DNase cleaves a site to relax supercoiling at the site

RNase destructs DNA connectors causing unfolding but no effect on supercoiling

35
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes arrangement
Digestion of DNA with an endonuclease

A

Multineme, multiple molecules per chromosomes
Unineme, proved 1 DNA molecule per chromosome
200bp in length for nucleosomes

36
Q

Which plants were B chromosomes identified in
Do all Bs exibit drive mechnisms

A

Rye
Maize
No

37
Q

Sometimes drive in one sex is balanced by…through the other in B chromosomes

A

Drag

38
Q

Researchers can cross recessive mutants ofB-A chromosmes if expressed…

A

Gene locus identified

39
Q

E.coli bp
Human bp
Each chromosome in human bp
Largest human chromosome nm

A

4.710^6
310^9
50-25010^6
8.510^7

Genetics 2 (10 decks)

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