Lect 6

Question 1

Karyotyping is

Answer 1

The characterization of numbers size morphology of a set of chromosomes

Question 2

Karyotyping aid in

Answer 2

No. Of chromosomes
Position of centromere
No. And position of 2ndry restrictions and banding patterns
Relation between chromosomes and amount of DNA and organism complexity

Question 3

Interspecific vs intraspecific variation

Answer 3

Cytogenetically different species
Individuals of the same species

Question 4

What is polymorphism
Cause

Answer 4

Variation in DNA seq among individuals of a species
Numerical or structural abnormalities

Question 5

Comparative analysis of karyotypes in related species

Answer 5

Autamorphies> characters exclusive to each species
Synapomorphies>charecters common for all

Question 6

When DNA changes it has … Significance
Like… And ….

Answer 6

Evolutionary
Anagenesis> gradual transformation from 1 species to another, introducing new characters that replace the old ones
Cladogenesis> 1 species divided into 2 by reproductive isolation mechanisms, each species keeps its exclusive charecters

Question 7

What is reproductive isolation

Answer 7

Meaning that 2 species cant reproduce together or no offspring or sterile

Question 8

1 character if….. can be transmitted with normsl karyotype
Can have different…. Due to ……of a …and …to progeny

Answer 8

Advantegous
Forms
Structural/ arrangement alternatives
Chromosome
Transmitted

Question 9

Euploidy is the same as

Answer 9

Polyploidy

Question 10

What is transposition

Answer 10

Translocation in the same chromosome

Question 11

Structural changes are recognised by
..

Answer 11

Their effect
Affecting chromosome morphology
Change in markers position(centromere, 2ndry construction, banding pattern)

Question 12

When karyotypically stable the…are
..

Answer 12

Intra and interspecific chromosomes variation
Small

Question 13

Some species are morphologically identical but..

Answer 13

Have strong inter and intraspecific variation

Question 14

How to identify polymorphism

Answer 14

Chromosome no.
Karyotype morphology
Pattern variation
Location of NOR
amount and location of repetitive seq

Question 15

Repetitive seq identified by….
Allo and autopolyploidy by….

Answer 15

FISH
GISH

Question 16

Allo polyploidy
Autopolyploidy

Answer 16

From different species
From same organism

Question 17

2n
N
X

Answer 17

Somatic cells chromosome no.
Gametic no. Of chromosomes
Basic no., no. Of chromosome sets of an individual

Question 18

What are prochromosomes

Answer 18

Formed during prophase

Question 19

Karyotypic analysis

Answer 19

Direct >. Size of metaphase plate is proportional to no. Of chromosomes

No. Of heterochromatic segments in interphase and prochromosomes in prophase and no. Of nucleoli is prop to no. Of genomes

Indirect> nucleus size is proportional to Dna size and no. Of chromosomes

Question 20

Too many small chromosomes is hard to detect…..what method usef

Answer 20

Aneuploidy
Metaphase plate

Question 21

Disadvantages of direct method

Answer 21

Instability of heterochromatin
Nucleolar fusion

Question 22

Chromosomes size
Micro chromosomes size
Giant

Answer 22

5-6 um
0.5 um
10 um

Question 23

DNA amount is predicted by

Answer 23

Amount of light absorbed after feulgen stain

Question 24

Why karyotypic analysis

Answer 24

Separation and classification of species, cytotaxonomy

Reforming phylogenic trees and evolutionary studies

Evolutionary analysis

Question 25

karyotyping identifies

Answer 25

karyotypic
polymorphism, interspecific and intraspecific cytogenetic variation and
evolution.

Question 26

chromosomal alterations can be

Answer 26

advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral.

Question 27

karyotypic changes

Answer 27

numerical>cause significant effects
structural>recognized when they affect chromosome morphology such as centromere position

Question 28

2n=…or…

Answer 28

2
1260

Question 29

chromosomal alterations are..

Answer 29

unprogrammed variations

Question 30

eukaryotic chromosomes can differ in….

Answer 30

size-shape-composition

Question 31

phyligenetic relationships are defined by

Answer 31

chromosome differences between organisms

Question 32

Allium roseum L.

Answer 32

polymorphic species with 12 taxa

Question 33

chromosome size, there is also variation of

Answer 33

1.6 μm to 20 μm

in
different species of gymnosperms