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Genetics 2 > Laba > Flashcards

Laba Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytogenetics
Nucleoprotein

A

Cellular events involving chromosomes with genetics
DNA+ histones

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2
Q

Staged of DNA coiling

A

Nucleosome
Solenoid
Filament
Chromosome

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3
Q

Hetero vs eu

A

Tight, silenced or repetitive DNA
Relaxed and active genes

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4
Q

First step in gene activation
Chromosomes morphology

A

Freeing DNA from histones
Length/ centromere) knobs/ satellites

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5
Q

8 parts of a chromosome

A

Centromere / kinetochore(spindles attach)
Chromatid (2 sisters)
Chromatin(DNA+proteins)
2ndry constriction for nucleolar org
Telomere
Chromomeres(bead like structures that carry genes)
Matrix (non genetic material)

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6
Q

Chromosome membrane is

A

Pellicle

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7
Q

Plant stress is

A

External factor that has disadvantageous effect on the plant

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8
Q

Stress effects
Ex to ratio matters

A

Positive, eustress
Negative, distress
Water deficiency = hardening which is positive, as long as below wilting which negative

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9
Q

All stress types
Factors
Effect
Time
Where

A

Biotic and abiotic (physical can be measured)
Positive eustress and negative distress
Short term and long term
Internal and external

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10
Q

Biotic stress

A

Partial or significant damage
Microorganisms cause disease
Insects and animals cause physical damage through perdition
Plants phyto-parasitism and competition

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11
Q

Tolerance in plants

A

Adaptation, genetic and inherited to increase function and fitness in stressful environment
Acclimation, non heritable physiological modification due to stress

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12
Q

Mitosis studied in….which has…and ..

A

Meristem
Region of elongation
Region of maturation

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13
Q

Needed solutions

A

Carnoys buffer for killing and fixation (6 alcohol: 3 chloroform: 1 glacial acetic acid)

Aceto carmine stain

1M HCl for hydrolysis (10 ml abs: 90 ml water)

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14
Q

How to prepare aceto carmine stain

A

1 gm carmine in 200 ml acetic acid 45% reflux for 20 mins by gentle boiling then filter

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15
Q

Steps for onion roots, normal

A

Grow, cut 1-2 cm, carnoy, 70% ethanol, store at 4°C
Wash by water
HCl and water bath for 10 mins
Wash
Root on slidr

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16
Q

Treatment at 4°C

A

Transfer healthy bulbs to refrigerator at 4° C for 24h
And repeat the rest

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17
Q

Effect at 4° C

A

Sticky chromosomes which increases the chance for rearrangements events.

Cooling affects histones so they form sticky shapes.

Seen in metaphase and anaphase.

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18
Q

What is karyotyping

A

Procedure to study the whole set of chromosomes of an organism mainly at metaphase as they are the shortest and thickest in that phase

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19
Q

Onion roots at 0.5° C

A

Sticky and condensed in one part of the cell due to breakage and denaturation causing the regions to stick together and not undergo mitosis

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20
Q

Cytogenetics include

A

Routine analysis of G banded chromosomes and cytogenetic banding techniques and molecular cytogenetics FISH and comparative genomic hybridization.

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21
Q

Karyotype vs idiogram vs karyogram

A

Photograph of all chromosomes arranged as homologous pairs acc to size

Diagram of chromosome pairs
Diagram showing location of genes as bands

22
Q

Onion 2n is

A

16 chromsomes

23
Q

.

A

After many cell divisions the telomeres
shorten which causes cellular senescence
and many age-related diseases when functional
genes near telomeres are lost.

24
Q

How cooling affects stickness

A

Telomeres have sheltrin proteins that protect them, low temp alter the shape of sheltrin causing telomeres to be naked. This causes instability and loss of cellular viability as chromosomes stick to each other.

Cooling does also affect the units of micro tubulin that forms the spindle fibers so chromosomes are unable to separate at poles so they stick and condense.

25
Q

Telomeres and their function

A

Repetitive DNA at the end of the chromsomes.
Cap for chromosomes to prevent sticking.
Protect from degradation.
Help distinguish between normal. chromosomes and fragments.
Related to cell’s age.

26
Q

Carnoys buffer use

A

Cell fixation to prevent futher changes
Cell permeabilization by ethanol for stain
Chromosomal spreading to visualise them
Preservation of cell, maitin integrity

27
Q

Aceto carmine use
HCl use

A

Non specific nuclear stain that binds with chromosomes and form deep red.
Hydrolyze cell wall for visualisation

28
Q

Colchicine….the chromosome and prevents…..resulting in….chromosome
This is with conc…for…hours

A

Shortens
Spindle formation
Spread out
0.04%
4

29
Q

How colchicine inhibits mitosis

A

Spindle disruption
Chromosome condensation
Metaphase delay
Cell cycle arrest

30
Q

Mechanism of colchicine in details

A

It interferes with polymerization of spindle by integrating into a- tubulin and b- tubulin dimer inducing GTP hydrolysis by GTPase turning the b subunit into an E site.

This prolongs the metaphase and nearly inhibits anaphase stimulating duplication and polyploidy.

31
Q

When to use colchicine

A

For gout attacks it eases pain by inhibiting neutrophiles by binding to spindle preventing gout flare and having an anti inflammatory effect.

Agriculture as it induces polyploidy so better root system and nutrient uptake so increased yield and cost effective.

32
Q

Details abt gout
Why
Symptoms
Why gout flare

A

Increased uric acid levels
Pain,swelling,joint stiffness, big toe affected
Macrophages phagocyting monosodium urate crystals

33
Q

Effect of colchicine

A

Distorted and abnormal growth patterns for root tips with increased thickness
Sticky metaphase
Chromosomal fragmentation
Larger chromosomes
Chromosomal bridges and rings

34
Q

Role of meiosis

A

Haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Prevent chromosome doubling and polyploidy

Genetic variation by crossing over

Evolutionary adaptation, disease tolerance

Breeding and crop improvement enhance traits from genes from wild relatives

35
Q

Meiosis phases

A

Leptotene
Zygote
Pachetene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

36
Q

Microspore is
Microsporangium

A

Mother cell of pollen
Male in plants

37
Q

Bread wheat is…
With …. Chromosome
Organised as
Each set represents a recombination from…..each contribute to 2 sets
This causes

A

Hexaploid
42
A genome, B genome, D genome
The 3 subgenomes
Variability and adaptibility

38
Q

Effects of irradiation

A

Chromosome aberrations, disrupting notmal pairing

Meiotic abnormalities, no synaptonemal complex so increased reaarangements and breakage

Mutations to genes controlling meiotic homologous pairing

Variation, appearance of new traits

Ploidy, unbalanced gametes

39
Q

Why does irradiation have various effects on meiosis

A

Ability to induce genetic mutations

40
Q

Chromosomal abberations
Cell..and..

A

Breakage so structural changes
Rearrangements by deletion, duplication, translocation

Death and reproductive sterility due to radiation

41
Q

Ionizibg radiation DNA damage

A

X-ray / gamma rays
DNA lesions
Single and double stranded breaks

42
Q

Irradiation on mitosis

A

Sticky
Fragments
Ring
Bridge

43
Q

Why study populations

A

Evolution, how freq of an allele that controls a trait changed with time

Factors that lead to allele freq change, many loci

How gene freq affects evolution through phenotype

44
Q

Micro evolution
Natural selection
Population genetics
Allele freq
Gene pool

A

Change in gene freq in short time period
Well suited survives
Study allele freq in populations and how they change
How common an allele is (allele no./total alleles no.)
All copies of all genes in a population

45
Q

Allele freq
Genotype fre
Phenotype freq

A

Allele/total alleles
Genotype/ total genotypes
No. Of white/ all

46
Q

Hardy weinberg principle

A

In large random mating population both allele and genotype freq remain constant from generation to another unless impacted by an external factor

47
Q

The formulas

A

P+q= 1
P2+2pq+q2= 1

P is dominant
Q is reccessive
P2 is homozygous dominant
Q2 is homozygous reccessive
2pq is heterozygous

48
Q

Assumptions for hardy weinberg population

A

No mutation
Random mating
No gene flow
Very large population size
No natural selection

49
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion (paracentric , centromere not involved, pericentric)
Translocation (reciprocal and robertsonian)
Ring formation

50
Q

Robertsonian vs reciprocal

A

Robertsonian is 2 acrocentric chromosome fusing leading to change from 46 to 45

Reciprocal is segment transfer but no change in number

51
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Multiprotein complex that mediates synapsis and recombination bet homologous chromosomes

Genetics 2 (10 decks)

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