Lecture 2

Question 1

Where is hair not found on the body?

Answer 1

• palms
• soles of feet and palms
• lips

Question 2

What is hair made of?

Answer 2

Dead keratinised cells

Question 3

What does the arrest or pili muscle do?

Answer 3

• contracts to produce goosebumps ( improve insulation)

Question 4

What is the root hair plexus?

Answer 4

• collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle

Question 5

What is the role of sebaceous glands in the hair shaft?

Answer 5

Produces oily secretion called sebum which nourishes the hair shaft and moisterises skin

Question 6

What acts as a waterproofing mechanism in hair follicles?

Answer 6

Sebum

Question 7

What can acne be caused by?

Answer 7

Blocked hair follicles and infection due to increased sebum production

Question 8

Name the two types of sweat glands:

Answer 8

• Eccrine

- Apocrine

Question 9

Where are eccrine sweat glands found?

Answer 9

Most areas of the skin

Question 10

What is the role of eccrine sweat glands? (4)

Answer 10

• pour watery secretions directly onto skin surface
• important in thermoregulation
• important in excretion
• has some antibacterial action

Question 11

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

Answer 11

• armpit
• groin
• around nipples

Question 12

what do apocrine sweat glands do?

Answer 12

• secrete sticky/oily, potentially onerous secretions into base of hair follicles
• influenced by hormones

Question 13

What is the role of nails?

Answer 13

Protect the fingertips and toes and enhance sensation

Question 14

Why does the epidermis get thinner as we age?

Answer 14

• not dividing as accurately/ being replenished as efficiently

Question 15

Why does the dermis sag and wrinkle with aging?

Answer 15

Due to collagen being produced slower/ less

Question 16

Other than thinning and wrinkles- what else happens to the skin as we age?

Answer 16

• slower healing from injury
• drier ( less sebum)
• impared cooling ( less sweat)
• less pigmentation

Question 17

What are the effects of tobacco smoke on skin?

Answer 17

• Accelerate aging by damaging collagen and elastin in the skin
• linked to poor wound healing
• acne
• linked with skin and oral cancers

Question 18

What does the melanin pigment do in skin?

Answer 18

Absorbs UV light and protects cells from uv damage

Question 19

What are the effects of nicotine on skin?

Answer 19

• reduced blood circulation in dermis

Question 20

Other effect of vaping on skin?

Answer 20

Contact dermatitis

Question 21

Where is melanin pigment produced?

Answer 21

In melanocytes

Question 22

What is the name of the transport vesicles for melanin?

Answer 22

Melanosomes

Question 23

Where are melanocytes found?

Answer 23

Stratum basale

Question 24

Where are melanosomes found?

Answer 24

Throughout epidermis ( shed with keratinocytes)

Question 25

What is a mole?

Answer 25

Cluster of melanocytes that can be caused by sun exposure

Question 26

What is a freckle?

Answer 26

Melanocytes overproduces melanosomes that can be triggered by sun exposure

Question 27

In what populations does skin pigmentation match UV exposure?

Answer 27

Indigenous

Question 28

What is vitamin D important for?

Answer 28

Calcium metabolism

Question 29

What can vitamin D deficiency cause?

Answer 29

• rickets

- negatively affected mood

Question 30

What is required for vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 30

UV exposure

Question 31

What demographic is more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 31

Higher pigmented people at extreme latitudes

Question 32

Why are darker skinned people more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 32

It is harder for light to penetrate so more intensity is needed to deliver enough vitamin C

Question 33

Why does NZ have one of the highest rates of skin cancer worldwide?

Answer 33

Large proportion of pakeha (74%) and intense UV exposure

Question 34

Describe the key details of basal cell carcinomas: ( common?, dangerous?, originator point?, matastisis?, cause?, risk factor?)

Answer 34

• common but relatively benign
• originates in the stratum basale
• metastasis is rare
• can be caused by chronic UV exposure
• thickness correlates with mortality rate

Question 35

What are tattoos?

Answer 35

Artificial pigmentation deposited deep within the skin in the dermal layer so it is not shed.

Question 36

What is a risk of tattoos?

Answer 36

Pigment can spread to lymph nodes and present similarly to melanoma

Question 37

What is pain during tattooing caused by?

Answer 37

Dermal layer containing pain receptors and free nerve ending