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General Pathology > Lecture 1a and 1b - Topic 1-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 1a and 1b - Topic 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pathology?

A

“Styddy of the functional and morphological changes in the body during disease”

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2
Q

What does Pathology mean?

A 
Pathos= Suffering
Logos= Science
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3
Q

What is the difference between symptom and lesion?

A 
Symptom = living animal
Lesion = Carcas
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4
Q

What is the order of description?

A

Shape, Size, Colour, Palpation(firm, bone=hard), Cut-surface

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5
Q

Name the different fields in Pathology

A
  1. Diagnostic Pathology
  2. Forensic Pathology
  3. Surgical Pathology
  4. Experimental Pathology
  5. Comparative Pathology
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6
Q

What is Diagnostic Pathology?

A

Autopsy - Cause of death or decreased production

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7
Q

What is Forensic Pathology?

A

Autopsy - Nature of death in a LEGAL point of view

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8
Q

What is Surgical Pathology?

A

Histological specimen (living)

  • Not only facilitates DIAGNOSIS and PROGNOSIS
  • but also the BASIS of THERAPY
  • Tissue proliferation -> Tumour?
  • Histeocytes
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9
Q

What is Experimental Pathology?

A

Investigation –> Goal of correlating morphological changes with clinical changes.
ELUCIDATES the mechanism of the disease

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10
Q

What is Comparative Pathology

A

Compares specific HUMAN PATHOLOGY with natural animal modells (Tuberculosis, Anthrax)
Use animal models to examine diseases.

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11
Q

What is Anthrax

A

Infection caused by a bacterium

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12
Q

What is a macroscopic examination?

A 
When you collect visible changes
- using sensory organs: 
VISION (rupture, uremia, diabetes melitus), 
HEARING (calcium accumulation), 
SMELLING (Parvo enteritis, Ichterus), 
PALPATION (pneumatosis etc).
- Autopsy
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13
Q

What kind of changes do we differentiate between?

A

Functional changes = Pathophysiology
Morphological changes = Pathology
(morphological examinations, what we see)

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14
Q

What is a VITAL REACTION?

A

When the morphological change isn’t a post mortem reaction, but a cause of death
(eg. Rupture of intestine)

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15
Q

Name some diseases with PATHOGONOMIC CHANGES?

A
  • Heart infarct
  • Pyonephros (enlarged ureter, obstructed urine)
  • Gastric Torsion - intestinal rupture (vital reaction, colour of the edges of the rupture)
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16
Q

If we focus on the functional changes, which aspect of pathology do we focus on?

A

Pathophysiology

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17
Q

If we focus on the morphological changes, which aspect of pathology do we focus on?

A

Pathology

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18
Q

What is the most important and common technique used in Pathology?

A

AUTOPSY - dissection - Sectio Cadaveris

in some cases, it reveals the cause of death itself, but often it’s not enough –> Need further investigation.

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19
Q

Which tools are used in AUTOPSY?

A

Knifes
Scissors
Saw
etc…

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20
Q

If AUTOPSY isn’t enough, what would be the further investigation method?

A
  1. HISTOPATHOLOGY
  2. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
  3. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC investigation
  4. TOXICOLOGICAL, PARASITOLOGICAL, BACTERIOLOGICAL, VIRAL Investigation
  5. MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation
  6. POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM investigation
  7. INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis
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21
Q

How to perform Histopathology

A
  1. HISTOPATHOLOGY
    - Light microscope (FFPE)
    - Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
    - Special staining methods
    - mycobacteria –> tuberculosis –> Mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged.
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22
Q

How is Immunochemistry used

A
  1. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IF, IPO), In-situ hybridization.
    - Viral
    - Mitosis in tumors
    - Macrophages
    - Intestinal Pneumonia
    MAC-387 - lung alveoli, brown staining, empty space/septum, alveoli of lung
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23
Q

How is electron microscopic investigation used

A
  1. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC investigation
    - not offend used
    - Superficial structures
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24
Q

When/how do we use toxicological, parasitological, bacteriological or viral diseases?

A
  1. TOXICOLOGICAL, PARASITOLOGICAL, BACTERIOLOGICAL, VIRAL Investigation
    - Toxicosis –> Stomach content
    - Drug resistance test
    - Pig - Ecoli
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25
Q

When/how do we use MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation?

A
  1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation

- PCR sequence determination, next-generation sequencing

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26
Q

When/how do we use POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM investigation

A
  1. POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM (biopsy) investigation
    - Biopsy = sample from living animal (antemortem)
    - Tricoblastoma
    - Basalioma
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27
Q

When and what is the cause of 7. INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis

A
  1. INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis

infections, parasites, toxicosis

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28
Q

When performing Biopsy, what would be the color of the tissue before and after embedded in formaldehyde?

A

Fresh = red –> Formaldehyde –> Brown

Pink, pale –> Formaldehyde –> Grey

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29
Q

Name types of most commonly used staining in HISTOPATHOLOGY

A

Light microscope used!

  • Hematoxylin staining
  • Eosin staining
30
Q

Name types of special staining methods in HISTOPATHOLOGY

A
  1. ZIEHL NEELSEN staining
    - Stains pigments, mycobacterias -> tuberculosis
  2. PERLS Staining
31
Q

What is PATHOGENESIS

A

How the disease proceeds

  • Where is the animal in the duration of a disease?
  • Beginning or close to the end?
32
Q

Name a disease investigated from Comparative Pathology?

A

Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Foot and Mouth diseases

Diff species –> Humans = Zoonosis

33
Q

In which species can we find foot and mouth disease?

A

Catle
Pig
Humans

34
Q

Definition of General Pathology

A

Studdy of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury with a focus on the mechanism of that response

35
Q

In general pathology, what are the basic changes

A
  1. Circulatory disturbances
  2. Regressive changes
  3. Proliferative changes
  4. Inflamations
  5. Tumours
  6. Developmental abnormalities
36
Q

Definition of special pathology

A

Characteristic changes caused by well-defined diseases grouped according to ORGAN systems

37
Q

Nosos?

A

= Differs from normal.

38
Q

What is the border between normal/abnormal?

- Factors measurable

A
  • Body temp
  • Heartbeat
  • Erythrocyte number
39
Q

What is the word for malformation in pathology

A

“Vitium”

40
Q

What is the word for defect in pathology

A

“Defectum”

41
Q

Name a disorder that is not a disease, but still abnormal

A

Polydacthylia (6 fingers etc)

Oligodontia (less teeth)

42
Q

When does the pathological change happen?

A

When the vital function differ –> Pathological change develops

43
Q

Describe disease as a process

A

A disease is a dynamic process(always changing), and functional changes are not always visible

44
Q

What is (a)Etiology?

A

Is the study of the cause of a disease

45
Q

In (a)Etiology we differ between 2 different types of diseases, which?

A
  1. Infectious (morbidity, mortality, lethality)
    - spreading
    - agent
  2. Non-infectious
46
Q

Speaking of infectious diseases, how do we categorize the spreading of a disease

A 
Endemic = local
Epidemic = within a country
Pandemic = worldwide
47
Q

Speaking of infectious diseases, what are the different agents for a disease to spread

A

Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic
Fungal

48
Q

In (a)Etiology we talk about the appearance of a disease, what are the different groups of appearances of a disease

A
  1. Continous
  2. Periodic
  3. Paroxysmal (comes back from time to time)
49
Q

In (a)Etiology we talk about the duration of a disease, what are the different groups of durations of a disease

A
  1. Fulminant = drops dead
  2. Peracute = no lesions
  3. Acute = lesions
  4. Subacute
  5. Chronic
50
Q

What happens in a fulminant duration of a disease

A

The animal drops dead

51
Q

What happens in a Peracute duration of a disease

A

The animal has no lesions

52
Q

What happens in an acute duration of a disease

A

The animal has lesions

53
Q

When the disease is followed by recovery its called

A

“Sanatio”

54
Q

When the disease is followed by death its called

A

“Exitus Lethalis”

55
Q

When the disease is followed by SHORT recovery its called

A

“Remissio” - Remission

“Recidiva”- Recurens = goes back to disease

56
Q

When the disease is followed by HEALING its called

A

“Sanatio”

57
Q

When the disease is followed by a mild degree of functional changes its called

A

“Recreatio” - Revivification

58
Q

When the disease is followed by complete recovery its called

A

“Regeneratio”
“Restitutio ad Integrum”
= Lost cells are replaced by new (corresponding tissue)

59
Q

When the disease is followed by tissue alteration its called

A

“Reparatio”
“Organisatio”
= Tissue alterations replaced by connective tissue
= Scartissue

60
Q

When the disease is followed by localization of necrotic parts its called

A

“Demarcatio”

= eg. Abcess, abscess in lung horse (picture)

61
Q

What is necrosis

A

Necrosis is the death of part of someone’s body, for example, because it is not getting enough blood.

62
Q

When the disease is followed by permanent morphological/structural changes its called

A

“Restitutio cum defectu”

  • Secondary disease will develop from here
  • “Locus minoris resistentia” - after rib fracture eg.
63
Q

What is “mors”

A

Irreversible cessation of life of the whole organism (different from necrosis)
= DEATH

64
Q

What is a natural and pathologic (-disease) death?

A

Aging

Usually, all die from pathological death

65
Q

What is “Gerontology”?

A

Senile atrophy = shrinking

66
Q

What is “Dissimilation”?

A

–> Assimilation = Decreased hormone production, adaptability, immune response (young, old), healing etc.
= “Enhanced” sensibility to diseases
Natural lifespan is variable (optimal conditions)

67
Q

What is “Atria Mortis”

A

Brain, Heart, Lungs

= if one die, all die!

68
Q

What is “Mors Subita”

A

Sudden death

69
Q

What is “Clinical death”

A

= No breathing, no heartbeat
but tissue survive for a while
eg. Transplantation of organs
= Pathological agony

70
Q

What is “agony”

A

= “Death struggle” (Euthanasia)

  • loss of senses
  • constrictions
  • convulations
  • CO2
  • Final relaxation of muscles
71
Q

How to recognize death

A

no reflex (pupils–>brain death)
no heartbeat
no response to stimuli (sensory or sensitive)
= When postmortem changes start = obvious

General Pathology (8 decks)

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