Lecture 1a and 1b - Topic 1-3 Flashcards
What is Pathology?
“Styddy of the functional and morphological changes in the body during disease”
What does Pathology mean?
Pathos= Suffering Logos= Science
What is the difference between symptom and lesion?
Symptom = living animal Lesion = Carcas
What is the order of description?
Shape, Size, Colour, Palpation(firm, bone=hard), Cut-surface
Name the different fields in Pathology
- Diagnostic Pathology
- Forensic Pathology
- Surgical Pathology
- Experimental Pathology
- Comparative Pathology
What is Diagnostic Pathology?
Autopsy - Cause of death or decreased production
What is Forensic Pathology?
Autopsy - Nature of death in a LEGAL point of view
What is Surgical Pathology?
Histological specimen (living)
- Not only facilitates DIAGNOSIS and PROGNOSIS
- but also the BASIS of THERAPY
- Tissue proliferation -> Tumour?
- Histeocytes
What is Experimental Pathology?
Investigation –> Goal of correlating morphological changes with clinical changes.
ELUCIDATES the mechanism of the disease
What is Comparative Pathology
Compares specific HUMAN PATHOLOGY with natural animal modells (Tuberculosis, Anthrax)
Use animal models to examine diseases.
What is Anthrax
Infection caused by a bacterium
What is a macroscopic examination?
When you collect visible changes - using sensory organs: VISION (rupture, uremia, diabetes melitus), HEARING (calcium accumulation), SMELLING (Parvo enteritis, Ichterus), PALPATION (pneumatosis etc). - Autopsy
What kind of changes do we differentiate between?
Functional changes = Pathophysiology
Morphological changes = Pathology
(morphological examinations, what we see)
What is a VITAL REACTION?
When the morphological change isn’t a post mortem reaction, but a cause of death
(eg. Rupture of intestine)
Name some diseases with PATHOGONOMIC CHANGES?
- Heart infarct
- Pyonephros (enlarged ureter, obstructed urine)
- Gastric Torsion - intestinal rupture (vital reaction, colour of the edges of the rupture)
If we focus on the functional changes, which aspect of pathology do we focus on?
Pathophysiology
If we focus on the morphological changes, which aspect of pathology do we focus on?
Pathology
What is the most important and common technique used in Pathology?
AUTOPSY - dissection - Sectio Cadaveris
in some cases, it reveals the cause of death itself, but often it’s not enough –> Need further investigation.
Which tools are used in AUTOPSY?
Knifes
Scissors
Saw
etc…
If AUTOPSY isn’t enough, what would be the further investigation method?
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
- ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC investigation
- TOXICOLOGICAL, PARASITOLOGICAL, BACTERIOLOGICAL, VIRAL Investigation
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation
- POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM investigation
- INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis
How to perform Histopathology
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- Light microscope (FFPE)
- Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
- Special staining methods
- mycobacteria –> tuberculosis –> Mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged.
How is Immunochemistry used
- IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IF, IPO), In-situ hybridization.
- Viral
- Mitosis in tumors
- Macrophages
- Intestinal Pneumonia
MAC-387 - lung alveoli, brown staining, empty space/septum, alveoli of lung
How is electron microscopic investigation used
- ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC investigation
- not offend used
- Superficial structures
When/how do we use toxicological, parasitological, bacteriological or viral diseases?
- TOXICOLOGICAL, PARASITOLOGICAL, BACTERIOLOGICAL, VIRAL Investigation
- Toxicosis –> Stomach content
- Drug resistance test
- Pig - Ecoli
When/how do we use MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation?
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL Investigation
- PCR sequence determination, next-generation sequencing
When/how do we use POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM investigation
- POSTMORTEM and ANTEMORTEM (biopsy) investigation
- Biopsy = sample from living animal (antemortem)
- Tricoblastoma
- Basalioma
When and what is the cause of 7. INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis
- INDIVIDUAL and HERD diagnosis
infections, parasites, toxicosis
When performing Biopsy, what would be the color of the tissue before and after embedded in formaldehyde?
Fresh = red –> Formaldehyde –> Brown
Pink, pale –> Formaldehyde –> Grey
Name types of most commonly used staining in HISTOPATHOLOGY
Light microscope used!
- Hematoxylin staining
- Eosin staining
Name types of special staining methods in HISTOPATHOLOGY
- ZIEHL NEELSEN staining
- Stains pigments, mycobacterias -> tuberculosis - PERLS Staining
What is PATHOGENESIS
How the disease proceeds
- Where is the animal in the duration of a disease?
- Beginning or close to the end?
Name a disease investigated from Comparative Pathology?
Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Foot and Mouth diseases
Diff species –> Humans = Zoonosis
In which species can we find foot and mouth disease?
Catle
Pig
Humans
Definition of General Pathology
Studdy of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury with a focus on the mechanism of that response
In general pathology, what are the basic changes
- Circulatory disturbances
- Regressive changes
- Proliferative changes
- Inflamations
- Tumours
- Developmental abnormalities
Definition of special pathology
Characteristic changes caused by well-defined diseases grouped according to ORGAN systems
Nosos?
= Differs from normal.
What is the border between normal/abnormal?
- Factors measurable
- Body temp
- Heartbeat
- Erythrocyte number
What is the word for malformation in pathology
“Vitium”
What is the word for defect in pathology
“Defectum”
Name a disorder that is not a disease, but still abnormal
Polydacthylia (6 fingers etc)
Oligodontia (less teeth)
When does the pathological change happen?
When the vital function differ –> Pathological change develops
Describe disease as a process
A disease is a dynamic process(always changing), and functional changes are not always visible
What is (a)Etiology?
Is the study of the cause of a disease
In (a)Etiology we differ between 2 different types of diseases, which?
- Infectious (morbidity, mortality, lethality)
- spreading
- agent - Non-infectious
Speaking of infectious diseases, how do we categorize the spreading of a disease
Endemic = local Epidemic = within a country Pandemic = worldwide
Speaking of infectious diseases, what are the different agents for a disease to spread
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic
Fungal
In (a)Etiology we talk about the appearance of a disease, what are the different groups of appearances of a disease
- Continous
- Periodic
- Paroxysmal (comes back from time to time)
In (a)Etiology we talk about the duration of a disease, what are the different groups of durations of a disease
- Fulminant = drops dead
- Peracute = no lesions
- Acute = lesions
- Subacute
- Chronic
What happens in a fulminant duration of a disease
The animal drops dead
What happens in a Peracute duration of a disease
The animal has no lesions
What happens in an acute duration of a disease
The animal has lesions
When the disease is followed by recovery its called
“Sanatio”
When the disease is followed by death its called
“Exitus Lethalis”
When the disease is followed by SHORT recovery its called
“Remissio” - Remission
“Recidiva”- Recurens = goes back to disease
When the disease is followed by HEALING its called
“Sanatio”
When the disease is followed by a mild degree of functional changes its called
“Recreatio” - Revivification
When the disease is followed by complete recovery its called
“Regeneratio”
“Restitutio ad Integrum”
= Lost cells are replaced by new (corresponding tissue)
When the disease is followed by tissue alteration its called
“Reparatio”
“Organisatio”
= Tissue alterations replaced by connective tissue
= Scartissue
When the disease is followed by localization of necrotic parts its called
“Demarcatio”
= eg. Abcess, abscess in lung horse (picture)
What is necrosis
Necrosis is the death of part of someone’s body, for example, because it is not getting enough blood.
When the disease is followed by permanent morphological/structural changes its called
“Restitutio cum defectu”
- Secondary disease will develop from here
- “Locus minoris resistentia” - after rib fracture eg.
What is “mors”
Irreversible cessation of life of the whole organism (different from necrosis)
= DEATH
What is a natural and pathologic (-disease) death?
Aging
Usually, all die from pathological death
What is “Gerontology”?
Senile atrophy = shrinking
What is “Dissimilation”?
–> Assimilation = Decreased hormone production, adaptability, immune response (young, old), healing etc.
= “Enhanced” sensibility to diseases
Natural lifespan is variable (optimal conditions)
What is “Atria Mortis”
Brain, Heart, Lungs
= if one die, all die!
What is “Mors Subita”
Sudden death
What is “Clinical death”
= No breathing, no heartbeat
but tissue survive for a while
eg. Transplantation of organs
= Pathological agony
What is “agony”
= “Death struggle” (Euthanasia)
- loss of senses
- constrictions
- convulations
- CO2
- Final relaxation of muscles
How to recognize death
no reflex (pupils–>brain death)
no heartbeat
no response to stimuli (sensory or sensitive)
= When postmortem changes start = obvious