Lecture 19: Respiratory Control

Question 1

Compare the sort of muscles in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Inspiration - active, diaphragm and intercostal activation
Expiration - passive at rest, requires pressure recoil of lungs/chest wall; active during exercise/stress, abdominal muscles

Question 2

______ nerves innervate the diaphragm. _____ spinal cord (C3 - C5).

_______ nerves innervate the ________muscles. ______ spinal cord (T1 - T11)

Accessory muscles activated during high work/cough. _____ spinal cord.

Answer 2

______ nerves innervate the diaphragm. _____ spinal cord (C3 - C5).

_______ nerves innervate the ________muscles. ______ spinal cord (T1 - T11)

Accessory muscles activated during high work/cough. _____ spinal cord.

phrenic; cervical; intercostal; thoracic; lumbar

Question 3

What is responsible for respiratory control?

Answer 3

• main respiratory pattern generator: located in pre Botzinger complex
• response to CO2: retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)
• O2 and CO2 also sensed in: peripheral arteries; signals sent to RTN

Question 4

What are the peripherla inputs to the respiratory centres?

Answer 4

i. chemosensors

ii. lung irritant and stretch

Question 5

What are the central inputs to the respiratory centres?

Answer 5

i. pain, temperature, emotion
ii. speech, swallow, etc.
iii. sleep, exercise, etc.
iv. panting

Question 6

How are emotions and respiratory control related?

Answer 6

Emotional stimuli:

• Amygdala to pontine respiratory group (PRG): respiratory rate increase
• Amygdala to DRG: inspired volume increase
• Bidirectional links

Question 7

What is dyspnea?

Answer 7

Discomfort associated with being short of breath.

Question 8

What is most effective for panic attack?

Answer 8

Paper bag to reduce hypocapnia.