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The Integrated Brain > Lecture 1: Intro to Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two purposes of neurotransmitters/modulators?

A
  1. Modulate neural activity

2. Affect synaptic plasticity

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2
Q

Name 3 features of neurotransmitters.

A
  1. Excitatory/Inhibitory effect
  2. Rapid action (ms)
  3. Precise
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3
Q

How do neuromodulators differ from neurotransmitters?

A

Slower processes that alter the responsiveness of neurons.

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4
Q

Where do NTs/NMs originate? Where are they released

A

In small clusters of neurons deep within the brain. Released throughout CNS.

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5
Q

CNS stands for…

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

PNS stands for…

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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7
Q

ENS stands for…

A

Enteric Nervous System

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8
Q

Where does norephedrine (NE) originate?

A

Locus coeruleus.

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9
Q

Where does histamine (HA) originate?

A

Posterior hypothalamus.

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10
Q

Where does cholinergic (ACh) originate?

A

Pontine and basal forebrain groups.

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11
Q

Where does dopamine (DA) originate?

A

Midbrain - ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

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12
Q

Where does serotonin (5-HT) originate?

A

Several ‘raphe’ nuclei distributed in brainstem.

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13
Q

What are hormones and what is their function?

A
  • Signalling molecules produced by glands
  • Transported through blood
  • Regulate physiology and behaviour.
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14
Q

What is the difference between NTs and hormones on system, transmission, target cells, and action time?

A

NTs: nervous system, between neurons (synapse), specific neurons of other cells, fast (ms); Hormones: endocrine, blood, distance from endocrine gland, slow (s - days)

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15
Q

What is the interaction between hormones and NTs?

A

Hormones modulate NT levels and function.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

Prevent substances (drugs, chemicals, infections, etc.) from passing between blood and brain.

17
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Nerves and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord.

18
Q

List 3 things the PNS does.

A
  1. Receives sensory information regarding pain, temperature, body position, etc.
  2. Sends messages to control muscles
  3. Sends messages to control organs
19
Q

What is the ENS colloquially known as and why?

A

The ‘second brain’ - has own senses and reflexes and acts independently of the brain.

20
Q

How much of the bodies serotonin is produced in the gut?

A

95%

Bacteria in gut can trigger cells to synthesise serotonin.

21
Q

List 3 things the gut does not affect.

A
  1. Consciousness
  2. Philosophy
  3. Decision-making
22
Q

Describe 3 Brain-Gut interactions.

A
  1. Peripheral serotonin: cells in gut produce large quantities of 5-HT
  2. Intestinal microbiome causes immune cells to produce cytokines which influence neurophysiology
  3. Bacterial molecules: microbes produce metabolites which alter activity of cells in blood-brain barrier
23
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Combined genetic material of microbiota.

24
Q

What comprises the microbiota?

A

Bacteria and organisms living in the gut.

25
Q

What does the microbiota do? And how?

A

Modulates development and homeostasis of the CNS.

Through immune, circulatory, and neural pathways.

26
Q

What is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and what does it affect?

A

Imbalance in the gut. There are risk factors for it’s presence and it effects disease risks and health implications such as drug treatment, relapse, depression.

27
Q

What is sickness behaviour?

A

Temporary behavioural, cognitive, and emotional changes due to activation of the immune system.

Examples include fever, increased sleep, decreased social interaction.

28
Q

How is sickness behaviour triggered?

A

Cytokines travel to brain in response to infection.

29
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Groups of small proteins important in cell signalling.

30
Q

How do cytokines work?

A

Released by cells and influence behaviour of other cells.

Cytokines are too big for the blood-brain barrier so they must either i) enter indirectly or ii) trigger new cytokines to be released in brain.

31
Q

Sickness behaviour is presumed to be a _________ strategy.

A

Adaptive.

Organised to conserve energy and improve fight against infection.

32
Q

What are the theorised results of excessive sickness behaviour?

A

Neuropsychiatric syndromes (e.g. fatigue syndromes, major depression)

The Integrated Brain (23 decks)

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