Lecture 10: Regulation of Sleep

Question 1

What is adenosine?

Answer 1

Nucleoside that forms during breakdown of ATP

Question 2

Evidence FOR adenosine responsible for homeostatic mechanism:

1. brain levels _______ in activity dependent fashion
2. injection of adenosine _______ SWS
3. during sleep deprivation, cats levels _____ in ______ and cortex
4. genetic variability in ____________ correlates with reported sleep need

Answer 2

increase; induces; rise, basal forebrain; adenosine deaminase

Evidence FOR adenosine responsible for homeostatic mechanism:

1. brain levels _______ in activity dependent fashion
2. injection of adenosine _______ SWS
3. during sleep deprivation, cats levels _____ in ______ and cortex
4. genetic variability in ____________ correlates with reported sleep need

Question 3

Evidence AGAINST adenosine responsible for homeostatic mechanism:

1. adenosine levels _______ across wakefulness in study of epileptic patients
2. adenosine receptors in brain regions for ____________
3. dynamics of adenosine _____ and ______ do not match process __
4. extreme activity that should ______ adenosine does not

Answer 3

decline; increased wakefulness; growth; decay; S; increase

Evidence AGAINST adenosine responsible for homeostatic mechanism:

1. adenosine levels _______ across wakefulness in study of epileptic patients
2. adenosine receptors in brain regions for ____________
3. dynamics of adenosine _____ and ______ do not match process __
4. extreme activity that should ______ adenosine does not

Question 4

What are cytokines?

Answer 4

Proteins produced by leukocytes

Question 5

Circadian rhythms are self-_______ daily ________.

Answer 5

sustaining; oscillations

Question 6

List the 4 properties of circadian rhythms.

Answer 6

1. persist without time cues
2. phase can be shifted by light/drugs
3. period can be estimated
4. clock does not change with temperature

Question 7

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contain?

Answer 7

Biological clock that governs circadian rhythms.

Question 8

What evidence is there that the SCN contains biological clock?

Answer 8

1. SCN lesions disrupt circadian rhythms

2. SCN cells do not require neural connections to control

Question 9

How are SCN clocks set?

Answer 9

Protein that inhibits own production above certain threshold

Question 10

What drug can alter the circadian rhythm?

Answer 10

melatonin

Question 11

Evidence FOR S and C independence:

1. circadian oscillator can be phase shifted without affecting ___
2. during forced desynchrony, processes __________
3. daytime naps contain expected ___
4. animals with lesion in circadian pacemaker maintain ____ but not ____ rhythms

Answer 11

SWS; disentangled; SWS; homeostatic; circadian

Evidence FOR S and C independence:

1. circadian oscillator can be phase shifted without affecting ___
2. during forced desynchrony, processes __________
3. daytime naps contain expected ___
4. animals with lesion in circadian pacemaker maintain ____ but not ____ rhythms

Question 12

Evidence AGAINST S and C independence:

1. in forced desynchrony, slight ______
2. circadian phase slightly _____ amount of SWS
3. sleep deprivation _____phase setting ability of light

Answer 12

interaction; alters; reduces

Evidence AGAINST S and C independence:

1. in forced desynchrony, slight ______
2. circadian phase slightly _____ amount of SWS
3. sleep deprivation _____phase setting ability of light