Lecture 19 - Integration I

Question 1

What is the most common measure for cardiorespiratory fitness?

Answer 1

VO2max

Question 2

What is VO2max?

Answer 2

VO2max is a measure of the maximal rate of O2 consumption per minute.

Question 3

Until what point does oxygen uptake increase linearly to speed?

Answer 3

VO2max

Question 4

What is the VO2max in trained individuals compared to untrained?

Answer 4

VO2max found at higher speed and oxygen uptake

Question 5

What sports increase VO2max?

Answer 5

Sports that require more endurance (that is length of continual exercise)

Question 6

How can VO2max drop?

Answer 6

Age

Question 7

What are factors that effect VO2max?

Answer 7

Genetics
- initial value
- how much it can change
Sex (male higher than female)
Training

Question 8

What are the 4 major adaptions that can improve VO2max?

Answer 8

Respiratory pulmonary diffusion
Maximal cardiac output (amount of blood leaving heart)
Muscle capacity to extract O2 from circulating RBCs
Blood’s capacity to transport O2

Question 9

At rest, what % of oxygen do muscle fibres extract?

Answer 9

60%

Question 10

What is the haematocrit?

Answer 10

Haematocrit is % of blood made up of cells of which 99% are RBCs.
Haematocrit is 41-50% in adult males, and 36-46% in adult women.

Question 11

What is the avg haemoglobin (Hg) in whole blood?

Answer 11

15g Hg per 100 ml of whole blood

Question 12

How much oxygen can 1g of Hg bind?

Answer 12

1.33 ml of oxygen

Question 13

How can athletes increase RBCs in blood?

Answer 13

Training at high altitude
Blood doping (donor blood or EPO)

Question 14

Where is EPO produced?

Answer 14

In kidney

Question 15

What does EPO do?

Answer 15

Enter bone marrow to stimulate RBC production - increase RBC production which increases oxygen capacity

Question 16

How does O2 move into muscle cells?

Answer 16

O2 gradient
O2 moves from the high concentration in blood and to a low concentration in the muscle cells.

Question 17

What establishes the O2 gradient between blood and muscle cells?

Answer 17

The O2 gradient is generated by the oxidation of O2 in muscle cells by the energy-generating mitochondria.

Question 18

What happens when there is an increase in mitochondria in muscles? relating to O2

Answer 18

The more mitochondria in the muscles, the more O2 can be used and therefore more O2 the muscles can extract because of a greater diffusion gradient.

Question 19

How can mitochondria be increased?

Answer 19

With training

Question 20

What is the crossover concept- carbohydrates vs fats?

Answer 20

At rest and low to moderate intensities (below 60% of maximal oxygen uptake), lipids serve as the main substrate for generating ATP. During high-intensity exercise (>75% of maximal oxygen
uptake) a shift to CHO.

Question 21

What will training do to crossover point?

Answer 21

Training will shift the crossover point towards higher exercise intensities.

Question 22

What are the important fuel sources of ATP generation?

Answer 22

Fat and CHOs are important fuel sources for ATP generation by mitochondria.

Question 23

What is needed for the oxidation of fats and CHOs?

Answer 23

Oxygen