Lecture 19: childhood development Flashcards
postural instability in seated infnats until _____
8 months
Increased ____ at time of transition to walking
variability
There is an anomoly present at that transition point to walking, why so
reorganization of nervous system, get a little set back
Children independantly stand usually by ___
12-13 months
some children can stand earlier in time
Postural sway amplitude (area and RMS) ___ in young children and ____
larger, decreases until 12 years of age
Velocity of postural sway ___ in children and ____
larger, decreases until 12 years of age
Children are visually dependant until ___
at least 3 years of age
moving room paradigm, see sway according to high contrast images moving on wall, staggering or fell in direction of movement
Timing and proportion of trials involving APAs in Witherington et al ____
progressively improves up to 17 months
by 4-6 years, APA preceding arm movements are relatively mature
T/F during sitting, there is co-ordinated muscle response
F
Backward perturbations During the pull to stand period (9-10 months)
begin to have directionally specific responses in the ankle (1 joint response)
Backward perturbations during Individual stance (12-13 months)
Leg and trunk muscles are activated for complete synergy (3 joints)
backwards perturbations during Individual walking (14-18 months)
Earlier and more co-ordinated complete synergy
Foward perturbations in children ages 1.5-3 years produce postural responses, but they are
larger in amplitude
later in onset
longer in duration
excessive responses in stretched muscles
(all compared to adult)
there is a regression in responses in ages _____ due to ___
4-6, > growth spurt
reactions to forward perturbations continue to become _____ until ____
more finely tuned, mature responses at 7-10 years of age
