Lecture 18 - Chloroplasts, Apoptosis, Endomembranes Flashcards
Photosynthesis can be divided into 2 categories. What are they?
light-dependent reactions and light-independent reaction
Light-Dependent Reactions occur in
thylakoid membrane
light harvesting complex holds what important pigment
Chlorophyll
in light dep rxns, where do e- enter into and where are H+ pumped into?
ETC, thylakoid lumen
ATP and NADPH made in light reaction are used to make what
CH2O (carbs) in light-independent
reactions
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate 2 forms
Oxidized = NADP+
Reduced = NADPH
Dark reactions / Calvin cycle are a) Light-Independent Reactions or b) light-dependent reactions
a) Light-Independent Reactions
where do light indep rxns occur?
in stroma of
chloroplasts
Programmed cell death name
apoptosis
apoptosis, involves the death of cells in a….
coordinated sequence of events
apoptosis is Part of an organism’s…
growth or development
apoptosis example: Interdigital cell death leads to….
regression of soft tissue between embryonic digits in many vertebrates
Bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) is a secreted protein that binds to what to activate what
binds to Bmp receptors (BmpRs) to activate apoptosis
Apoptosis is characterized by: (5)
- Shrinkage of cell
- Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
- Blebbing (bulge or protrusion) of the plasma membrane
- Loss of attachment to other cells
- Engulfment by phagocytosis
Expression of non-active BmpRs in chicken embryonic hind limbs results in what
greatly reduced interdigital apoptosis and webbed feet
what is apoptosis Initiated by?
intracellular stimuli like
genetic damage, hypoxia, or virus infection
“Killer” proteins like Bax cause change in….
mitochondria membrane
potential and to the leak of
Cytochrome c.
what commits the cell to
apoptosis
Release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins
Release of _________ __and nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis
Cytochrome C
Caspases do 4 things, name them
Disrupts cell
adhesion
Destroys lamins
(nuclear filaments)
Breaks down cytoskeleton
Activates DNase
(genome breakdown)
Various diseases are directly associated to ________. In some cases, the problem is due to _____ _____ ________.
An example of this is _______, where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will ____ _____.
In other cases, it is _____ _____ _______ that is the culprit, such as in the case of degenerative diseases like __________ ________
apoptosis, too little apoptosis
cancer, not die
too much apoptosis, Alzheimer’s disease
cytosol main functions
Protein synthesis, many metabolic pathways
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) main functions
Synthesis of lipids, synthesis of proteins
Golgi apparatus main functions
Protein modification, packaging of proteins and lipids
