Lecture 16 - Movement Across Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

The transmembrane domain (TMD):

A
  • α helical peptide sequence that is largely hydrophobic (uncharged) and spans the membrane; consists of amino acids
    with hydrophobic side chains
  • Is permanently attaches the protein to the PM.
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails interacts with hydrophobic TMD
  • Can facilitate protein-protein interactions
    α helices
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2
Q

what is a dimer

A

multiple protein subunits that make a ring with a pore in the middle where things move. Forms a protein channel

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3
Q

heterodimer

A

dimer made up of multiple different proteins forming the ring

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4
Q

homodimer

A

the same proteins form the dimer (ring structure)

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5
Q

octodimer

A

8 proteins form ring

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6
Q

Lipid bilayers do not allow many _______ ___ _______ to pass through them freely

A

compounds or
molecules

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7
Q

______,_______ molecules cross membranes relatively easily (H2O, O2, CO2, NO)

A

Small, uncharged

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8
Q

_____/_____/_____ compounds cannot easily
cross lipid bilayers

A

Large/polar/charged

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9
Q

Specific mechanisms are required for the
controlled

A

transport of many substances across
membranes

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10
Q

Four basic mechanisms for moving molecules across membranes

A

1 Simple diffusion

2 Diffusion through a channel

3 Facilitated diffusion

4 Active transport

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11
Q

which mechanism for moving molecules across membranes requires ATP

A

Active transport

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12
Q

Passive movement of substances across cell membranes relies on

A
  • molecular concentrations of the substance across the membrane
  • Moves from a HIGH to a low concentration; down the concentration gradient; “downhill”
  • DOES NOT require energy
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13
Q

Simple Diffusion works only for

A

very small and
uncharged molecules like H2O, O2 and CO2

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14
Q

Simple Diffusion moves

A

Down a concentration gradient—flow is downhill;
does NOT require energy

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15
Q

what are AQUAPORINS

A

specific water
channels; H2O moves through aquaporin channels in “single
file” down the concentration gradient

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16
Q

Channels (a.k.a. ion channels) are formed by

A

integral membrane proteins—typically
multiple subunits—that line an aqueous
pore

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17
Q

channels are particularly effective for

A

small, charged molecules (ions) like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-

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18
Q

how do ions move

A

down concentration gradients —
flow is downhill

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19
Q

Channels are selective. What does this mean?

A

allowing only particular types of ions to pass

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20
Q

Ion channels are often _____ and can be _____ or ______

A

gated, opened, closed

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21
Q

ion channels can be turned ____/____ in response to
different _______/_______
* e.g., changes in charge across the membrane;
neurotransmitters

A

ON/OFF, signals/stimuli

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22
Q

Two types of Gated Ion Channels

A

1) Voltage-gated channels (e.g., Na+ and K+ channels)

2) Ligand-gated channels (e.g., acetylcholine receptor)

23
Q

Voltage-gated channels can respond to

A

changes in charge across membrane eg action potentials in neurons

24
Q

Under non-depolarized conditions (when they are quiet), neurons have

A

low [Na+] inside. When the membrane is depolarized, the gate will open to allow Na+ to pass

25
Q

Ligand-gated channels respond to

A

binding of specific molecule on its surface — a ligand

26
Q

Binding of a ligand produce

A

conformational change in the structure of the receptor/channel

27
Q

Only a ligand adapted to the ______ _____ can produce an effect.

A

binding site

28
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a very potent

A

neurotoxin

29
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was discovered in the

A

pufferfish. (also found in several other aquatic animals like blue-ringed octopuses and moon snails)

30
Q

TTX is a Na+….

A

channel blocker

31
Q

TTX inhibits the firing of action potentials in neurons by

A

binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of Na+ ions into the neuron.

32
Q

TTX prevents the nervous system from carrying messages to

A

muscles, including
the diaphragm

33
Q

TTX intoxication consequently causes death via

A

respiratory
failure.

34
Q

Curare is a mixture of organic compounds found in

A

different plants originating from Central and South America like members of the Strychnos species

35
Q

Curare was cleverly used as a _______ _______
and _______ _______ before modern techniques

A

paralyzing poison, hunting tool

36
Q

Curare is a _______ ______ of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)

A

competitive antagonist

37
Q

It occupies the ______ ______ on the receptor as ACh with an equal or ______ affinity, and elicits
no response. It is an example of a ____________ muscle relaxant.

A

same position, greater, non-depolarizing

38
Q

In facilitated diffusion, a compound binds specifically to integral
membrane protein called a…..

A

facilitative transporter

39
Q

in facilitated diffusion: Change in transporter _______ allows compound to be released on other side of membrane

A

conformation

40
Q

in facilitated diffusion: the compound moves ______ a concentration
gradient. no energy requirement

A

down

41
Q

Most animal cells import glucose from the
blood into cells ____ a _______ ______ via a ________ _________

A

down, concentration gradient, facilitative transporter

42
Q

glucose transporter steps / mechanisms

A

1 Transporter ready to accept glucose molecule

2 Glucose is accepted by transporter

3 Intracellular side of
transporter opens

4 Glucose is released and cycle repeats steps

43
Q

Symporter: Under certain circumstances, cells need to move substances from a _______ ______ to ______ ________. Thus, AGAINST the concentration gradient

A

lower concentration, higher concentrations

44
Q

during reabsorption of glucose in kidney cells after blood filtration to prevent its loss through the urine, cells cannot rely on

A

the concentration gradient of glucose as kidney cells would stop reabsorbing glucose when an extracellular and
intracellular equilibrium is reached

45
Q

during reabsorption of glucose in kidney cells after blood filtration to prevent its loss through the urine, cells must rely on

A

the chemical gradient of a second molecule that
would not reach extracellular and intracellular equilibrium.

BOTH molecules are transported in the SAME direction.

46
Q

The Na+-Glucose Symporter steps / mechanisms

A

[1] Simultaneous binding of 2 Na+ and 1 glucose to the transporter with outward-facing binding sites.

[2] This cause a conformational change in the transporter (occluded conformation).

[3] Eventually the transporter adopts an inward-facing conformation that allows

[4] the dissociation of the two Na+ molecules in the cytosol. As a result, the glucose molecule gets pushed-in as well.

[5] Return to the outward-facing conformation to repeat the cycle.

47
Q

Antiporter: The concentration gradient of one molecule is used to

A

transfer a second
molecule in opposite directions.

48
Q

the sodium-proton exchanger
(Na+/H+ exchanger) in the nephron of the
kidney is an example of what method

A

Antiporter

49
Q

how does the sodium-proton exchanger
(Na+/H+ exchanger) work?

A

This antiporter transport Na+ into the
cell and protons (H+) out of the cell. This
carrier is specifically responsible to maintain
pH and sodium levels in specific kidney cells

50
Q

in Active transport: Compound binds specifically to integral
membrane protein called an

A

ACTIVE
TRANSPORTER

51
Q

in active transport: Change in the conformation of the
transporter is caused by

A

the hydrolysis of an
ATP molecule —- allows molecules to be released
on other side of the membrane

52
Q

active transport allows molecules to move against

A

a concentration gradient

53
Q

Active transport requires input of _______ in the form of ______ _____

A

ENERGY, ATP
molecules

54
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase maintains cellular [Na+] and [K+] using

A

ATP