Lecture 16 - Movement Across Membranes Flashcards
The transmembrane domain (TMD):
- α helical peptide sequence that is largely hydrophobic (uncharged) and spans the membrane; consists of amino acids
with hydrophobic side chains - Is permanently attaches the protein to the PM.
- Hydrophobic fatty acid tails interacts with hydrophobic TMD
- Can facilitate protein-protein interactions
α helices
what is a dimer
multiple protein subunits that make a ring with a pore in the middle where things move. Forms a protein channel
heterodimer
dimer made up of multiple different proteins forming the ring
homodimer
the same proteins form the dimer (ring structure)
octodimer
8 proteins form ring
Lipid bilayers do not allow many _______ ___ _______ to pass through them freely
compounds or
molecules
______,_______ molecules cross membranes relatively easily (H2O, O2, CO2, NO)
Small, uncharged
_____/_____/_____ compounds cannot easily
cross lipid bilayers
Large/polar/charged
Specific mechanisms are required for the
controlled
transport of many substances across
membranes
Four basic mechanisms for moving molecules across membranes
1 Simple diffusion
2 Diffusion through a channel
3 Facilitated diffusion
4 Active transport
which mechanism for moving molecules across membranes requires ATP
Active transport
Passive movement of substances across cell membranes relies on
- molecular concentrations of the substance across the membrane
- Moves from a HIGH to a low concentration; down the concentration gradient; “downhill”
- DOES NOT require energy
Simple Diffusion works only for
very small and
uncharged molecules like H2O, O2 and CO2
Simple Diffusion moves
Down a concentration gradient—flow is downhill;
does NOT require energy
what are AQUAPORINS
specific water
channels; H2O moves through aquaporin channels in “single
file” down the concentration gradient
Channels (a.k.a. ion channels) are formed by
integral membrane proteins—typically
multiple subunits—that line an aqueous
pore
channels are particularly effective for
small, charged molecules (ions) like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
how do ions move
down concentration gradients —
flow is downhill
Channels are selective. What does this mean?
allowing only particular types of ions to pass
Ion channels are often _____ and can be _____ or ______
gated, opened, closed
ion channels can be turned ____/____ in response to
different _______/_______
* e.g., changes in charge across the membrane;
neurotransmitters
ON/OFF, signals/stimuli