Lecture 17 - Signal Transduction, ECM, Mitochondria

Question 1

Components of the ECM are produced and secreted by….

Answer 1

cells and assembled into an extracellular network

Question 2

Major components of the ECM are

Answer 2

proteins like (e.g., collagen) and glycoproteins (e.g., laminin, fibronectin)

Question 3

Proteoglycans = proteins with…

Answer 3

chains of polysaccharides

Question 4

Functions of the ECM (4)

Answer 4

• Cell adherence
• Communication between
  cells
• Cell shape, mechanical
  support, structural integrity
• Serves as barrier, filters out some particles

Question 5

Anchor membrane proteins (e.g., integrins)
play an important role by…..

Answer 5

interacting with
components of the ECM

Question 6

anchor proteins assist in

Answer 6

• Tissue formation and coordinated cell
  function (e.g., skin, liver, etc.)
• Communication between cells

Question 7

The ECM is abundant in ________ _______ of
animals (e.g., tendons, ligaments, dermis).

Answer 7

connective tissues

Question 8

Cells of BACTERIA, PLANTS and FUNGI have..

Answer 8

cell walls

Question 9

Plant cell walls =

Answer 9

ECM

Question 10

ECM is composed of…. (4)

Answer 10

cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin,
and proteins

Question 11

The ECM provides _______ _______ to cell and to whole organism
(equivalent to skeleton)

Answer 11

structural support

Question 12

what does Protect the cell from?

Answer 12

mechanical damage
and pathogen attack

Question 13

Membrane proteins play a major role in _______ ________ by converting an _________
signal into _________ signal(s).

Answer 13

signal transduction, extracellular, intracellular

Question 14

Signal transduction allows cells to rapidly
respond to…

Answer 14

events happening in their
environment, including:
* Grow
* Divide
* Survive (or not)
* Move
* Differentiate (i.e., time to change)

Question 15

what is a Ligand

Answer 15

a small molecule that binds to a receptor

Question 16

Ligand binding changes the _________ of the receptor protein

Answer 16

conformation

Question 17

The ligand ____ _____enter the cell

Answer 17

does NOT

Question 18

what side of the receptor protein is affected by the
conformation change?

Answer 18

the cytosolic side

Question 19

The conformational changes from ligand cause other proteins (in the cytosol or membrane bound) to become….

Answer 19

activated

Question 20

Three stages to signal transduction:

Answer 20

1 Binding of ligand to receptor
2 Signal transduction via second messengers like cAMP, calcium, or G-protein
3 Cellular response: cellular growth,
cell division, store glucose
molecules as glycogen

Question 21

Examples of disease caused by defect in signal
transduction (3)

Answer 21

cancer, diabetes, different brain disorders

Question 22

a good example of signal transduction is how epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) activates conversion of….

Answer 22

glycogen stored in the liver to glucose

Question 23

Glycogenin is an enzyme that acts as a….

Answer 23

primer to polymerize the first glucose molecules—then other enzymes take over to assemble branches of glucose

Question 23

adrenaline causes what response

Answer 23

Fight or Flight Response

Question 24

Adrenaline is made in

Answer 24

adrenal glands

Question 25

in Glycogenolysis, Active receptor will recruit G-protein and allow the binding of what to turn it on?

Answer 25

GTP

Question 26

At the end (of glycogenolysis) , ________ is an enzyme that will release glucose units.

Answer 26

Phosphorylase-P

Question 27

mitochondria main function

Answer 27

ATP synthesis, apoptosis

Question 28

Chloroplasts main functions

Answer 28

Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis

Question 29

The Endosymbiotic Theory says organelles from eukaryotic cells with two membranes, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, represent what

Answer 29

formerly free-living prokaryotes taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis

Question 30

Supporting evidence of The Endosymbiotic Theory (2)

Answer 30

1) binary fission of mitochondria and plastids, 2) circular DNA inside these organelles similar to bacteria

Question 31

Aerobic respiration: converts in presence of

Answer 31

oxygen energy stored in food molecules (e.g., glucose) into chemical energy stored in ATP.

Question 32

Aerobic respiration produces what as a by-product

Answer 32

carbon dioxide (CO2) as waste

Question 33

Photosynthesis is building what using energy from sunlight

Answer 33

carbohydrates

Question 34

Aerobic respiration equ't

Answer 34

(CH2O) + O2 --------> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 35

Photosynthesis equ't

Answer 35

CO2 + H2O ------> (CH2O) + O2

Question 36

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM) contains (2)

Answer 36

many enzymes with diverse metabolic functions (e.g., lipid metabolism) porins, which are large channels permeable (passive diffusion) to many molecules when opened (e.g. ATP, sucrose)

Question 37

what part if mitochondria has a High protein:lipid ratio (3:1)

Answer 37

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)

Question 38

Double-layered folds are called

Answer 38

cristae

Question 39

cristae ______ membrane surface area and contain ________ for aerobic respiration and _____ _______

Answer 39

increase, machinery, ATP formation

Question 40

the IMM is rich in a phospholipid called

Answer 40

cardiolipin

Question 41

cardiolipin is needed for optimal function of many enzymes within....

Answer 41

bacterial membranes

Question 42

The mitochondria also has two aqueous compartments:

Answer 42

Intermembrane space, separates OMM and IMM Matrix a high protein content, gel-like consistency space containing mitochondrial ribosomes and mitochondrial genome (DNA)

Question 43

Cellular respiration uses chemical energy stored in molecules such as

Answer 43

carbohydrates (glucose) and lipids to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 44

Cellular respiration involves a series of

Answer 44

catabolic reactions

Question 45

Cellular respiration in presence of oxygen =

Answer 45

aerobic respiration

Question 46

in substrate-level phosphorylation: Hydrolysis reaction releases enough energy to drive phosphorylation of what compound to make what compound

Answer 46

ADP to ATP (e.g., glycolysis where 1 glucose molecule is partially broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules)

Question 47

in oxidative phosphorylation: Chemical energy of organic molecules is transferred first to what

Answer 47

electron carriers

Question 48

(oxidative phosphorylation) electron carriers are used to create an

Answer 48

electrochemical gradient that can power ATP synthesis

Question 49

substrate-level phosphorylation Produces only small amount of total....

Answer 49

ATP molecules necessary for cellular function—about 12%

Question 50

oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of...

Answer 50

ATP molecules in animal cells—about 88%

Question 51

(Cellular Respiration) Coenzymes acting as electron carriers can exist either as: (2)

Answer 51

1) Oxidized—can accept electrons 2) Reduced—can donate electrons when returning to their oxidized state

Question 52

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2 forms

Answer 52

Oxidized = NAD+ Reduced = NADH

Question 53

Flavin adenine dinucleotide 2 forms

Answer 53

Oxidized = FAD Reduced = FADH2

Question 54

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 allows what to be transferred

Answer 54

electrons and energy

Question 55

Oxidative Phosphorylation divided into two steps:

Answer 55

Step 1 (Complexes I-IV) and Step 2 ATP synthase.

Question 56

in Oxidative Phosphorylation Step 1: how is electrochemical gradient generated?

Answer 56

Electron transport through Complexes I-IV and proton (H+) pumping High-energy electrons (e-) pass from coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) in the matrix to electron carriers in IMM.

Question 57

what is the name for the series of intermediate e- carriers (respiratory enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV)

Answer 57

Electron-Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 58

In ETC, Energy transfer at each complex is used to _____ ___ from matrix into intermembrane space

Answer 58

pump H+

Question 59

____ ______ e- is transferred to terminal ___ ________ (O2) resulting in production of H2O

Answer 59

low energy, e- acceptor

Question 60

in Oxidative Phosphorylation step 2, Proton movement _____ ___________ ________ is used to power ATP synthesis.

Answer 60

down electrochemical gradient