Lecture 14 - Cell Diversity and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

a dynamic INFORMATION system

A

The GENOME

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2
Q

Cells arise from DIVISION of

A

pre-existing cells

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3
Q

Cell function is dependent on ______ reactions occurring in _______

A

chemical, compartments

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4
Q

thecell Contains a large number of

A

components

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5
Q

components are organized with respect to

A

time and space

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6
Q

Fidelity of interactions is
maintained through

A

control of regulation of
components

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7
Q

cellular activities are very

A

precise

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8
Q

Bacteria, archaea
Structurally simpler

A

Prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

Protists, fungi, plants, animals
Structurally more complex

A

Eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

Protista are enormously

A

diverse

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11
Q

Protista charactaristics

A

Mostly unicellular
* Mostly aquatic
* Often contain flagella or cilia
* Sexual and asexual reproduction
* Diverse nutrition lifestyles
– Photosynthetic, holotrophic,
saprotrophic, parasitic, symbiotic

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12
Q

Link between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(Examples:)

A
  • Protozoans - malaria
    – Unicellular red and green algae
    – Diatoms
    – Slime molds 9
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13
Q

Slime molds were originally classified as

A

part of the Fungi kingdom, but now grouped with the kingdom Protista—it’s not a mold

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14
Q

Slime Molds Unique Characteristics

A
  • Eukaryotic single cell organism.
  • Use a primitive form of sexual reproduction (spores).
  • Size: less than 1 cm to several square metres.
  • Multinucleate (1 cell has 1000s of nuclei).
  • They have an amazing capacity to move around and respond to their environment.
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15
Q

Viruses have many

A

Families and Subtypes

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16
Q

Virosphere:
Around_____species of mammals and about ______ species of vascular plants have
been described.

A

5,500, 391,000

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17
Q

Virosphere:

the ______ the organism, the ______ the numbers typically get

A

smaller, higher

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18
Q

There are _______
to _______ species of arthropod (invertebrate animals) and probably more than_____ distinct fungi

A

1 million, 10 million, 5.1 million

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19
Q

as many as ______ distinct microbes on
Earth

A

1.6 million

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20
Q

Since each _____/____ ____ is almost certainly associated with at least ____ _____, then there are probably millions of ______ _______

A

microbe/cell type, one virus, distinct viruses

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21
Q

So far, just ____ _____ _____ have been formally described.

A

4,958 virus species

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22
Q

Viruses are not

A

cells

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23
Q

Viruses are __________ packages that can function and reproduce only within
_____ _____

A

macromolecular, living cells

24
Q

Outside of cells, viruses exist as

A

inanimate particles called VIRIONS.

25
Q

Viruses: How do they compare to cells?

A
  1. Highly COMPLEX and ORGANIZED yes
  2. Activity controlled by a GENETIC program. yes
  3. Can REPRODUCE—make copies of themselves. yes and no
  4. Assimilate and utilize ENERGY. no
  5. Carry out many CHEMICAL reactions (enzymes). no
  6. Engage in MECHANICAL activities. no
  7. Respond to STIMULI.
  8. Capable of SELF REGULATION. no
  9. They EVOLVE. yes
26
Q

Protein coat that
surrounds nucleic acid

A

capsid

27
Q

Enclosed in a protein-
containing membrane or not

A

enveloped or unenveloped

28
Q

Nucleic acid either RNA or
DNA encodes

A

viral proteins, Thus, either RNA or DNA viruses

29
Q

Baltimore classification

A

categorizes viruses
based on type of genome (RNA/DNA) and
their method of replication.

30
Q

HIV is an example of

A

retrovirus

31
Q

retrovirus is an

A

a RNA virus that can insert a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell. Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)

32
Q

Hepatitis B is a member of the

A

hepadnavirus family (DNA type). Affects human
liver and cause serious infections

33
Q

Ebola virus is part of the

A

filoviruses family

34
Q

filoviruses family encodes

A

the genome in the form
of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. Cause hemorrhagic fever

35
Q

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can cause

A

respiratory illnesses (e.g.,
bronchitis or pneumonia) or conjunctivitis (an infection in the eye).

36
Q

Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates

A

within bacteria and archaea

37
Q

TMV was one of the first
viruses to be characterized (name it)

A

tobacco mosaic virus

38
Q

As a way to battle the
continuous attacks from
bacteriophages, bacteria
have evolved an

A

immune-like system
called CRISPR-Cas

39
Q

Viruses bind to a cell surface via

A

specific proteins and then enter into the cell

40
Q

This defines the cell type(s) the virus can infect and the

A

host range

41
Q

NARROW host range like human cold and influenza viruses infect

A

epithelial cells of human respiratory system.

42
Q

WIDE host range like rabies can infect

A

cells in dogs, foxes, bats, raccoons, and
humans

43
Q

Once inside a cell, the ____ hijacks _____ ______ to synthesize ______ _____ (DNA/RNA) and______

A

virus, cellular machinery, nucleic acids, proteins

44
Q

These parts are then assembled to make new

A

virus particles to infect other cells

45
Q

Two main types of viral life cycle

A

NON-LYTIC (also known as LYSOGENIC) and LYTIC

46
Q

NON-LYTIC characteristics

A

– Viral nucleic acid is replicated in the host; viral proteins produced
– Virus reproduces without destroying the host cell

47
Q

LYTIC

A

– Production of virus particles ruptures (and kills) host cell (e.g.,
bacteriophages; ebola virus)

48
Q

A combination of both lysogenic and

A

lytic life cycles are often found

49
Q

Infected cell can survive, often with

A

impaired function (e.g., HIV, Chicken Pox).

50
Q

The rabies virus has an enveloped….

A

single stranded RNA genome

51
Q

The RNA genome encodes five genes

A

nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein
(P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and the viral RNA polymerase (L)

52
Q

COVID-19 can affect the

A

upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and
throat) and the lower respiratory tract
(windpipe and lungs)

53
Q

The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses

A

host cells via the enzyme
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in type
II alveolar cells of the lungs.

54
Q

Papovavirus

A

a large family of viruses that includes the human papillomavirus (HPV)

55
Q

RNA vaccines work by tricking the
body’s cells into producing

A

a fragment of a virus, an antigen, from an RNA template

56
Q

One strategy to make RNA vaccines more
effective at lower doses — or in a single dose — is to incorporate the instructions for

A

assembling a replicase,
which can make lots of copies of the RNA template for producing antigens