Lecture 13 - Cell Basics

Question 1

Cells are the fundamental

Answer 1

unit of life

Question 2

The cell theory (1,2,3)

Answer 2

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells

Question 3

cells are highly ____ and ____

Answer 3

complex and organized

Question 4

cells are actively controlled by a ______ program

Answer 4

genetic

Question 5

cells can ______ and make copies of themselves

Answer 5

reproduce

Question 6

cells can assimilate and utilize _____

Answer 6

energy

Question 7

carry out many ______ reactions (enzymes)

Answer 7

chemical

Question 8

the cell engages in _______ activities

Answer 8

mechanical

Question 9

the cell can respond to ______

Answer 9

stimuli eg neurotransmitters always firing

Question 10

cells are capable of _______

Answer 10

SELF-REGULATION

Question 11

evolving

Answer 11

a basic property of all cells.

Multiple mechanisms of adaptation in higher eukaryotes.

Bacteria (and fungi) also evolve (develop antimicrobial resistance)

Question 12

Information

Answer 12

needed to Make a CELL

Question 13

All cells possess_____, the hereditary material of _____, and ______, which
provides the information necessary to _____ various ______

Answer 13

DNA, genes, RNA, build, proteins

Question 14

The cells primary machinery

Answer 14

enzymes, kinases, receptors

Question 15

Genetic information passed on from
one cell to the next during….

Answer 15

cell division/growth for all life forms

Question 16

Replication rate:

Answer 16

bacteria < fungi (yeast) < higher eukaryotic cells

Question 17

During development, most cells in
multicellular organisms (e.g., animals
and plants) will become specialized

Answer 17

through the process of
differentiation

Question 18

The information is therefore important not only to make a cell, but
also to create

Answer 18

different specific cell
types.

Question 18

QUESTION:

Which one of these cell types lacks a cell nucleus and therefore have no
DNA?

A) Glia cells — a no n-neuronal brain cell type

B) Red blood cells — cell delivering oxygen to body tissues

C) Osteoblasts — cells that make bones

D) Corneal keratocytes —cells that make the transparent front part of
the eye

Answer 18

B) Red blood cells — cell delivering oxygen to body tissues

(kicked out the nucleus to carry the max amount of O2, consider the disk like shape/ concave form in the middle where nucleus is missing)

Question 19

Maturing red blood cells undergo _______ eject their nucleus

Answer 19

enucleation

Question 20

Because of the _____ _____ ____ and _____, mature red blood cells do not contain _____ and cannot _______ any _____

Answer 20

lack of nuclei, organelles, DNA, synthesize, RNA

Question 21

red blood cells _____ ______ and have _______ _______ _______

Answer 21

cannot divide, limited repair capabilities

Question 22

This feature of red blood cells evolved to accommodate maximum ________ carrying capacity

Answer 22

hemoglobin

Question 23

Differentiation also present in ______

Answer 23

microbes (e.g., life cycle of fungi)

Question 24

Chemistry is needed

Answer 24

to make a cell. eg Amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 25

Chemical origin of life =

Answer 25

ABIOGENESIS

Question 26

primordial soup hypothesis =

Answer 26

putative conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors.

Question 27

Miller-Urey Experiment (1952) ___ ______ ______ is a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought to exist on the early Earth and to test the ______ ______ ____ ______ under those conditions.

Answer 27

Pre-biotic chemistry, chemical origin of life

Question 28

Simple organic compound =

Answer 28

energy + chemical compounds (N2, NH3, H2, CO2, etc.)

Question 29

Amino acids can be generated in conditions that

Answer 29

mimic those of the early Earth

Question 30

amino acids are the building

Answer 30

blocks of proteins

Question 31

Later experiments have shown that other chemical reactions can generate

Answer 31

simple sugars, bases found in nucleotides, and lipids needed to form primitive membranes

Question 32

compartments are needed to

Answer 32

make a cell

Question 33

compartments are usually defined by

Answer 33

single or double lipid layer membrane

Question 34

Examples of cellular compartments include

Answer 34

mitochondria, chloroplasts, the cell nucleus, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum

Question 35

Compartments are fundamental in

Answer 35

Establishing physical boundaries that enable the cell to carry out different metabolic activities Generate a micro- environment to spatially and temporally regulate biological processes.

Question 36

Two MAIN cell types

Answer 36

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Question 37

The distinction between _____ and _____ is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms

Answer 37

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 38

most of lifes diversity and most of its deep evolutionary history is....

Answer 38

microbial

Question 39

Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until

Answer 39

more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution

Question 40

found in extreme environments (Yellowstone hot spring; Dead Sea; etc.)

Answer 40

Archaea

Question 41

ubiquitous habitats (soil, water, animals, plants, etc.)

Answer 41

Bacteria

Question 42

typical Features of a Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 42

* Single-cell organism * Size: 1-10μm * Ribosomes are present but smaller * Reproduce sexually and asexually * No nucleus or organelles * Genetic material found in nucleoid (means nucleus- like) – DNA arranged in a circular chromosome and often circular plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA)

Question 43

Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include (4)

Answer 43

protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 44

Typical Features of an Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 44

* Found in multicellular organisms, but can be unicellular as well (e.g., yeasts, protozoa) * Size: typically 10-100μm * Nucleus contains genetic material arranged in linear chromosomes * Membrane-bound organelles * Ribosomes are larger

Question 45

animal vs plant cell characteristics

Answer 45

Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Nuclear Envelope Nucleolus Nucleus & Chromatin smooth ER Rough ER Golgi Complex Secretory Vesicles Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Microvilli Cell Walls Vacuoles Chloroplasts Plasmodesmata