Lecture 18, 19 - Endocrine System I, II Flashcards
List the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (7)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
What are the alternative names for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
- Anterior - Adenohypophysis
- Posterior - Neurohypophysis
What hormones are excreted by the posterior pituitary? (2)
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explain the way the neuroendocrine system coordinates/regulates the release of hormones
Higher CNS centers
↓
Hypothalamus
↓ - releasing or inhibiting
↓ hormones
Adenohypophysis
↓ - tropic hormones
Endocrine organs
List the important hormones secreted in the digestive canal and their functions/locations
- Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates pancreatic juices, bile, and satiety (released from intestinal cells)
- Gastrin: Stimulates stomach movement and gastric juices
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP): Stimulates the release of insulin
Secretin: Stimulates pancreatic juices
List the important hormones secreted by the kidneys
- Erythropoietin: Increase RBC formation
- Renin: Raises blood pressure
What hormone is secreted by adipocytes that suppresses appetite?
Leptin
Functions of the hypothalamus (2)
- Releases either releasing or inhibiting hormones that regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
- Produces the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
Location and function of the pineal gland
- Inferior to the third ventricle
- Secretes melatonin, contributes to body’s biological clock
What two hormones do the thyroid gland contribute to and how?
- Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
- Releases thyroglobulin which is involved in the synthesis of the hormones
Function of T3 and T4?
- Regulated metabolic rate, cell metabolism, growth, development
What hormone do the parafollicular cells release and what is its function?
☆ - don’t confuse with parathyroid glands
- Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption
What two cells are found in the parathyroid gland and what are their functions?
- Chief cells (stain darker): Secrete parathyroid hormone that increases bone resorption to increase blood calcium levels
- Oxyphil cells (bigger and stain lighter): Unknown function
How does calcium blood levels affect gland secretions
If high: Parafollicular cells will release calcitonin to decrease bone resorption
If low: Chief cells will release parathyroid hormone to increase bone resorption
List the three layers of the suprarenal glands
- Capsule: outer layer
- Cortex
- Medulla
List the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
- Mineralocorticoids
- regulate salt and water
balance in the blood
- regulate salt and water
- Glucocorticoids
- regulate metabolism,
inflammation, immune
system
- regulate metabolism,
- Androgens
- sexual development
What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla and what are their function?
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Fight or flight response
What hormones are secreted from the thymus and what are their function?
- Produces thymic hormones
- Involved in the maturation and proliferation of T cells
☆ - Important role in immune system
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Produces and releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum in response to signalling from the small intestine
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas? (What cells produce what hormones?)
☆ ⍺, ß, δ, PP
- ⍺ cells: secrete glucagon
- ß cells: secrete insulin
- δ (delta) cells: secrete somatostatin
- Reduces digestion and
absorption, inhibits
glucagon and insulin - PP cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide
- Inhibits release of
somatostatin, enhances
digestive enzyme release
What hormones are produced by the ovaries and what are their functions?
Female Sex Hormones
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Regulate reproductive cycle
- Maintain pregnancy
- Prepare mammary glands
- Promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics
What hormone is produced by the testes and what is its function?
Male Sex Hormone
- Testosterone
- Stimulate the descent of testes
- Regulate sperm production
- Promote the development of male secondary sex characteristics
