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anat 312 > lecture 18 > Flashcards

lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a memory?

A

process of storage and retrieval that starts with a stimulus and progresses through stages

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2
Q

describe the stages of memory

A

(1) input (stimulus)
(2) sensory memory (lasts miliseconds), encoded into:
(3) short term/working memory (seconds), consolidated into:
(4) long-term memory (minutes-years)

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3
Q

what are the processes of memory?

A
  • encoding
  • rehearsal
  • forgetting
  • consolidation
  • retrieval
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4
Q

describe encoding

A

conversion of perceived stimuli for storage (as sensory memory)

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5
Q

describe rehearsal

A

attention is given to a stimulus, or there is repetition of a single stimulus

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6
Q

describe forgetting

A

entrance of a new stimulus into working memory, whereby the old stimulus is replaced

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7
Q

describe consolidation

A

movement of a memory from working memory to long-term storage

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8
Q

describe retrieval

A

movement of a stored memory back to working memory for usage

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9
Q

short term memory is a component of:

A

working memory

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10
Q

wokring memory involves both ____ & ____ information

A

encoded information and retrieval of information

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11
Q

short term memory refers to only ____ information

A

newly encoded information

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12
Q

short term memory involves ____ storage of information

A

temporary

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13
Q

short term memory has a ____ capacity and a ___ duration, meaning it can only handle ____ items for ____

A

small capacity
short duration
7 +/-2 items for 15-30 seconds

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14
Q

what does the capacity and duration of short term memeory depend on?

A

attention and decay

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15
Q

describe the transfer of information from sensory memory to short term memory

A
  • many stimuli enter sensory memory

- only stimuli that pass the filter will enter working memory

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16
Q

what does it mean for a stimuli to bypass the filter?

A

stimuli is given attention

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17
Q

what is short term potentiation?

A

strenghtening of a synapse due to increased neurotransmitter release

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18
Q

what is short term depression?

A
  • depletion of neurotransmitter stores

- auto-receptor activation

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19
Q

what are 3 ways to improve short term memory?

A
  • chunking
  • mneumonic devices
  • say it out loud
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20
Q

describe chunking as a method of improving short term memory

A

breaking information into groups that make sense

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21
Q

describe mneumonic devices as a method of improving short term memory

A

use of phrases, peoms, or songs to remember information

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22
Q

describe saying it outloud as a method of improving short term memory

A

method of dual encoding - processing happens in two different cortical areas and can thus happen simultaneously

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23
Q

describe the cortical areas involved in dual encoding

A

vision - parietooccipital cortex

speech - wenicke’s and broca’s areas

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24
Q

long term memory involves

A

the storage of information

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25
Q

describe the storage of information for long term memory

A
  • information is initially stored in the hippocampus

- information is then moved to areas of the neocortex

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26
Q

long term memory has a _____ capacity and a ____ duration

A

unlimited capacity

long duration

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27
Q

describe long term potentiation with respect to protein synthesis

A

increased protein synthesis over time results in new neurotransmitters new ionotrpic channels

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28
Q

list the ionoptropic channels involved in long term potentiation

A
  • ligand gated channels
  • AMPA channel
  • NMDA channel
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29
Q

what activates ligand gated ion channels for long term potentiation?

A

glutamate

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30
Q

what do AMPA channels allow for?

A

the movement of Na/K into the cell

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31
Q

what do NMDA channels allow for?

A

the movement of Na, K and Ca into the cell

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32
Q

describe the process of long term potentiation

A
  • calcium travels through the NMDA receptor
  • AMPA receptors move to post synaptic membrane
  • AMPA receptors increase in post synaptic cleft w increased sensitivity to NTs
  • AMPA signals the presynaptic neuron to release more NTs
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33
Q

long term memory formation depends on:

A
  • emotional state
  • rehearsal
  • schemas
  • automatic memory
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34
Q

what are schemas?

A

pre-existing file folders for information in the brain

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35
Q

what is automatic memory responsible for?

A

encoding information about time, space, and frequency

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36
Q

what is consolidation with respect to systems?

A

redistribution and relocation of information as follows:

hippocampus ---> cingulate gyrus ---> neocortex
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37
Q

what is consolidation with respect to synapses?

A

synaptic remodelling (long term potentiation)

38
Q

what are the types of long term memory?

A

explicit and implicit

39
Q

is explicit long term memory a concious or unconcious process?

A

concious

40
Q

there are multiple types of explicit long term memory, what are they and what are they used for?

A

semantic (for facts) and episodic (for events)

41
Q

is implicit long term memory a concious or unconcious process?

A

unconcious

42
Q

there are multiple types of implicit long term memory, what are they and what are they used for?

A
  • procedural (skills/habits)
  • emotional association (emotional reaction to a stimulus)
  • conditioning (learned response to a stimulus)
43
Q

describe conditioning in more detail

A

two types:

1) classical (pavlov’s dog
(2) operant (reward and punishment)

44
Q

describe how the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in memory

A

involved in working memory

45
Q

describe how the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in memory

A
  • recieves input from the amygdala

- involved in fear and risk

46
Q

where is hippocampal memory information found?

A

in the parahippocampal gyrus

47
Q

what are the 3 components of the hippocampus?

A
  • dentate gyrus
  • hippocampal proper
  • subiculum
48
Q

describe the dentate gyrus

A
  • toothed structure due to penetration by subarachnoid vessels
  • 3 layers of granule cells
  • a component of the perforant path
49
Q

describe the hippocampal proper

A
  • mostly 3 layers of pyramidal cells
  • has 4 divisions: CA 1, CA 2, CA 3, CA 4
  • includes alveus
  • includes fimbria
50
Q

describe CA 1

A

receives input from CA 3, sends output to subiculum

51
Q

describe CA 2

A

often not mentioned or not included in diagrams

52
Q

describe CA 3

A

receives input from the dentate gyrus

53
Q

describe CA 4

A

only division tha has granule cells

aka hilum

54
Q

what is the alveus?

A
  • lines the superior surface

- contains myelinated efferents and afferents (fibers that are in the alvear pathway)

55
Q

what is the fimbria?

A

connector btwn the hippocampus and the fornix

56
Q

describe the subiculum

A
  • 3-5 layers of pyramidal cells
  • adjacent to the hippocampal proper
  • origin of the alvear pathway
57
Q

what are the 2 hippocampal pathways

A

preforant path and the alvear path

58
Q

describe the preforant path

A

entorhinal cortex –> dentate gyrus –> CA3 –> CA1 –> subiculum –> entorhinal cortex

59
Q

describe the alvear path

A

subiculim –> alveus –> fimbria

60
Q

the amygdala contains:

A

basolateral nucleus and central nucleus

61
Q

the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is responsible for:

A

activation of the central nucleus

62
Q

the central nucleus of the amygdala is responsible for:

A

the emotional response

63
Q

what is the general function of the amygdala?

A

fear and anger

64
Q

what is the function of the fornix?

A

connects the fimbria to the mammillary body

65
Q

what are the component parts of the fornix?

A

crus, body, columns

66
Q

describe the role of the mammillary body

A
  • part of hypothalamus

- sends info to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

67
Q

describe the role of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

A
  • borders intraventricular foramen

- sends information to the cingulate gyrus

68
Q

what is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus?

A

associated with emotion

69
Q

what is the function of the posterior cingulate gyrus?

A
  • merges with parahippocampal gyrus

- associated with memory

70
Q

describe the role of the basal forebrain

A
  • not much is known

- thought to have functions related to memory & sleep

71
Q

describe the basal nucleus of Meynert

A

cholinergic endings cover the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic structures

72
Q

what is the Papez circut associated with?

A
  • introduced by james papez in 1937

- recognized to be associated with the formation of declarative memories

73
Q

what are declarative memories?

A

names, dates, places, facts, etc. (things we know to be “true”)
e.g. moms bday is, zebras are animals, london is the capital of england

74
Q

what is the pathway for the Papez circut?

A

hippocampus –> fimbria –> fornix –> mammillary body –> anterior thalamic nucleus –> cingulate gyrus*/parahippocampal gyrus –> hippocampus

*information can leave cingulate gyrus and be sent to association areas of the neocortex

75
Q

describe anterograde amnesia with respect to hippocampal damage

A

inability to form new declarative memories

76
Q

describe anterograde amnesia with respect to amygdala damage

A

inability to form new emotional non-declarative memories

77
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

inability to form retrieve long term memories

78
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to form new memories

79
Q

describe retrograde amnesia with respect to hippocampal damage

A

inability to recall recently stored long term memories

80
Q

describe the result of damage to the corpus striatum with respect to memory

A
  • just the caudate and putamen = motor planning affected

- caudate, putamen and nucleus acumbens = motor movements that acompany emotions are also affected

81
Q

describe the result of damage to the medial cerebellum, vermis, and flocculus

A

conditioning affected

82
Q

describe the result of damage to the lateral cerebellum

A

procedural memories affected

83
Q

does emotion involve the same or different structures of the limbic system when compared to memory?

A

the same, except amygdala has greater impact

84
Q

what are the 4 pathways of emotion?

A
  • stria terminalis
  • amygdalofugal
  • lateral olfactory tract
  • direct interactions with the medial temporal lobe
85
Q

describe the stria terminalis pathway

A

sends information to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei

86
Q

describe the amygdalofugal pathway

A

sends information to the thalamus and hypothalamus more directly

87
Q

describe the lateral olfactory tract pathway

A

information is sent between the amygdala and the olfactory bulb

88
Q

the interaction of structures determines function, describe the function of limbic cortical areas

A

expressing emotions

89
Q

the interaction of structures determines function, describe the function of sensory cortical areas

A

perceiving emotions

90
Q

the interaction of structures determines function, describe the collective function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the hypothalamus

A

autonomic and visceral reactions that accompany emotion

anat 312 (18 decks)

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