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anat 312 > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

describe afference of the PNS

A
  • cutaneous receptor, free nerve ending, abdominal viscera, etc. receives sensory information from stimuli
  • information is passed back to sc via rami, then spinal nerve, then dorsal root to the dorsal horn
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2
Q

describe efference of the PNS

A
  • information from the spinal cord (ventral horn) is passed to body via the ventral root, spinal nerve, then rami
  • usually innervate skeletal muscle
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3
Q

what is the difference btwn rami and root?

A
  • dorsal/ventral root only carry afferent/efferent information, rami do both (more information flow)
  • rami are larger
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4
Q

cutaneous receptors are the _____ response to _____?

A

primary afferent response to mechanical stretch

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5
Q

with cutaneous receptors, mechanical stretch energy is converted into ________ so it can be sent as a signal to the brain

A

electrical energy

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6
Q

describe how the conversion of mechanical stretch to electrical energy works

A

stretch allows Na to flow into the cell, converting mechanical energy to a chemical signal

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7
Q

what are the 4 sensory receptors attributes

A
  • intensity
  • modality
  • duration
  • location
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8
Q

describe intensity as a receptor attribute

A

discharge of receptor increased with stimuli

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9
Q

describe modality as a receptor attribute

A

percept is constant for a given receptor

doesn’t matter how the receptor is stimulated, it always sends the same signal to the brain - e.g. sound, vision

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10
Q

describe duration as a receptor attribute

A

receptors may be slowly adapting (one large signal then consistent little signals) or rapidly adapting (one large signal)

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11
Q

describe location as a receptor attribute

A

perception is confined to the receptor’s location

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12
Q

what are the two types of cutaneous receptors?

A

nonencapsulated and encapsulated

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13
Q

what are the subtypes of nonecapsulated cutaneous receptors?

A

free nerve endings, hair follicle receptors, markel’s discs

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14
Q

where are free nerve endings, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • glaborous and nonglaborous skin (dermis)
  • pain, temperature, touch, pressure
  • varies
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15
Q

where are hair follicle receptors, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • nonglaborous skin (dermis)
  • touch
  • rapid
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16
Q

where are Merkel’s discs, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • glaborous and nonglaborous skin (dermis)
  • touch
  • slow
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17
Q

what are the subtypes of encapsulated cutaneous receptors?

A
  • Meissener’s Corpuscle
  • Pacinian Corpuscle
  • Ruffini Ending
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18
Q

where are Meissener’s Corpuscles, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • glaborous skin (dermis)
  • touch
  • rapid
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19
Q

where are Pacinian Corpuscles, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • glaborous and nonglaborous skin (hypodermis)
  • pressure/vibration
  • very rapid (imp for vibration)
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20
Q

where are Ruffini Endings, what is their modality, and what is their adaptation (duration)?

A
  • glaborous and nonglaborous skin (hypodermis)
  • stretch
  • slow
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21
Q

describe the receptive feild of Meissener’s Corpuscles (rapidly adapting)

A

small (only exists at point of contact)

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22
Q

describe the receptive feild of Pacinian Corpuscles (rapidly adapting)

A

larger area than Meissener’s, but most sensitive at point of contact

23
Q

describe the receptive feild of Ruffini Endings (slowly adapting)

A

generally larger area than Merkel’s, but are similar in orientation to that of the corpuscle

24
Q

describe the receptive feild of Merkel’s discs (slowly adapting)

A

smaller than Ruffini endings (only rlly exists at point of contact)

25
Q

describe cutaneous receptive feilds in general, moving from the hand, to the arm, to the back

A
  • hand: small, close together, massive density
  • arm: larger, farther apart, less dense
  • back: massive receptive fields, farther apart, way less dense
26
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin that sends signals to the brain for a given spinal nerve

27
Q

is there an overlap of sensory fields?

A

yes - btwn adjacent spinal nerves

28
Q

are there differences between dermatomes and peripheral nerves?

A

yes (don’t need to know explicit differences, just know that they exist)

29
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

1 motor neuron + innervated muscle fibres

30
Q

what are the basic features of a motor unit?

A
  • many motor neurons innervate each muscle
  • each motor neuron targets only one muscle
  • each muscle fibre is only innervated by one motor neuron
  • when a motor neuron fires, all its muscle fibres contract
31
Q

axons of terminal motor neurons synapse onto:

A

the junctional folds of the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre at motor end plate

32
Q

what is the motor neuron neurotransmitter?

A

Ach

33
Q

what are myotomes?

A

groups of muscles innervated by one spinal nerve

34
Q

what are the components of a muscle spindle?

A

has:

  • intrafusal muscular fiber
  • extrafusal muscle fibers
  • capsule
35
Q

describe intrafusal muscule fibers

A

associated with capsule, has afferents

36
Q

describe extrafusal muscle fibers

A

generate force

37
Q

desribe the capsule

A

connective tissue surrounding the muscle spindle

38
Q

what do alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

extrafusal muscle fibers - supply power

39
Q

what do gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

40
Q

what do gamma motor neurons contain?

A

primary afferent and secondary afferent axons

41
Q

primary afferent axons increase with muscle:

A

velocity

42
Q

secondary afferent axons increase with muscle:

A

length

43
Q

if gamma neurons fire, what happens to primary and secondary afferents?

A

they become even more responsive to stretch for extreme/small muscle movements

44
Q

what is a golgi tendon organ?

A

tree-like sensory ending enclosed in a spindle-like connective tissue capsule (axon sits btwn collagen fibers of the muscle)

45
Q

how do golgi tendon organs generate an impulse?

A

pulling on collagen fibers pinches the axon, generating an impulse

46
Q

how do golgi tendon organs discharge in terms of muscle force

A

they discharge proportional to muscle force

47
Q

describe (in simple terms) an action potential

A
  • Na enters the axon in response to stimulus (initiates action potential)
  • K leaves the axon (terminates action potential)
48
Q

describe myelin sheath

A
  • for the PNS: schwann cells
  • for the CNS: oligodendrocytes
  • insulates axon, speeds up conduction
  • underlying axons have no channels
49
Q

describe nodes of ranvier

A
  • gap btwn myelin sheath
  • where membrane channels are located
  • action potential propogation jumps btwn nodes
50
Q

larger axons have (faster/slower) transmission?

A

faster

51
Q

unmyelinated axons have (faster/slower) transmission?

A

slower

52
Q

why are neurons unmyelinated if myelination speeds condution time?

A

because its important to have some slow neurons too

53
Q

summarize the neuron fiber types

A
  • BIGGER: alpha motor neurons/msucle spindle primary endings/golgi tendon organs
  • BIG: gamma motor neurons/muscle secondary afferent (meissner, merkel, pacinian, etc.)
  • MED: sharp pain, cold, some touch
  • SMALL: slow pain (when damage is done just need to be aware), heat, itch, some touch

-most ones we covered are myelinated except some smaller bare nerve endings for temperature and pain

anat 312 (18 decks)

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