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anat 312 > lecture 16 > Flashcards

lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

conciousness, memeory, perception, skilled movements

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2
Q

what are gyri? sulci? fissures?

A

gyri: folds
sulci: grooves
fissures: deep grooves

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3
Q

what are the cerebral lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula, limbic

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4
Q

what is contained in the frontal lobes?

A

motor areas, CN I

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5
Q

what is contained in the parietal lobes?

A

somatosensory areas

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6
Q

what is contained in the occipital lobe?

A

visual areas

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7
Q

what is contained in the temporal lobes?

A

auditory areas

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8
Q

describe the insula?

A

maintains homeostasis by processing visceral sensations, taste, and ANS functions
-hidden by frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

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9
Q

describe the limbic lobes?

A
  • drives emotions, memory
  • cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
  • encircles telencephalon and diencephalon junction
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10
Q

what are key components of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • corpus striatum
  • white matter
  • some limbic structures
  • cerebral cortex
  • CN I
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11
Q

the lateral ventricles are a landmark for what?

A

the study of brain sections

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12
Q

several regions of gray matter protrude into the lateral ventricles, what are they?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • thalamus and interthalamic adhesion
  • hippocampus
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13
Q

what is the caudate nucleus?

A
  • functions in movement, memory, learning, reward, motivation, etc.
  • forms lateral wall of body and anterior horn of lateral ventricles
  • forms roof of interior horn
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14
Q

what is the thalamus?

A
  • relays motor and sensory information to the cerebral cortex
  • forms floor of body of lateral ventricles
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15
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A
  • functions in learning and memory

- forms floor and medial wall of inferior horn of lateral ventricles

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16
Q

what is the corpus striatum?

A

collective name for caudate and lentiform nuclei

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17
Q

is the corpus striatum composed of white or gray matter?

A

gray

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18
Q

what is the corpus striatum a part of?

A

basal ganglia

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19
Q

why is it called the corpus “striatum”?

A

because it appears striated due to the bridges of gray matter than connect nuclei

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20
Q

what are the functions of the corpus striatum?

A

motor control and learning

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21
Q

the corpus striatum is divided into two parts, what are they?

A

neostriatum and paleostriatum

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22
Q

describe the neostriatum

A
  • primary receiver (output info only goes to other basal nuclei)
  • further divided into ventral striatum and dorsal striatum
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23
Q

describe the ventral neostriatum

A
  • input from the limbic system, hippocampus and amygdala

- consists of nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle

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24
Q

where is nucleus accumbens? whats its function?

A
  • in basal forebrain

- possible function in reward system

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25
Q

where is the olfactory tubercle? whats its function?

A
  • near olfactory tract

- possible function in reward system and locomotion

26
Q

describe the dorsal neostriatum

A
  • fibres from cortex, substantia nigra and thalamus enter basal ganglia here
  • consists of caudate and putamen
27
Q

describe the caudate

A
  • input: cortical association areas
  • projects to prefrontal areas
  • functions in cognition
  • superior to putamen
28
Q

describe the putamen

A
  • input: motor and somatosensory areas
  • projects to motor, pre-motor, and supplementary motor areas
  • functions in movement and learning
  • deep to insula
29
Q

describe the paleostriatum

A
  • input: neostriatum
  • outpur: motor related areas
  • consists of: globus pallidus
30
Q

describe the globus pallidus

A

divided into globus pallidus externa (gpe) and globus pallidus interna (gpi)

31
Q

do gpe and gpi have the same inputs? outputs?

A

similar inputs, different outputs

32
Q

what separates gpe and gpi?

A

medial medullary lamina (white matter)

33
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus?

A

anatomical groupung composed of the putamen and the globus pallidus

34
Q

the corpus striatum has many surrounding structures, what are they?

A
  • thalamus (medial to globus pallidus)
  • white matter (internal capsule, external capsule, extreme capsule) (internal capsule divides caudate and putamen)
  • claustrum (btwn external and extreme capsules)
  • insula lobe
35
Q

what is white matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

myelinated axon nerve fibers

36
Q

what are the types of white matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • association fibers
  • commisural fibers
  • projection fibers
37
Q

describe association fibers

A
  • paired

- 2 types: short or long

38
Q

describe short association fibers

A

connect adjacent gyri (are located in the same lobe in the same hemisphere)

39
Q

describe long association fibers

A

connect cerebral lobes (are located in different lobes in the same hemisphere)

40
Q

can short fibers travel bidirectionally? can long?

A

short: no
long: yes

41
Q

do short fibers have a distinct entry or exit? do long?

A

short: yes
long: no

42
Q

list 4 long association fibers*

A
  • cingulum (cingulate fasciculus)
  • uncinate fasciculus
  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
  • inferior longitudinal fasciculus
43
Q

describe the cingulate fasciculus*

A

connects frontal lobe, parietal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus

44
Q

describe the uncinate fasciculus*

A

connects inferior frontal lobe and anterior temporal lobe

45
Q

describe the superior longitudinal fasciculus*

A

connects frontal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe

46
Q

describe the inferior longitudinal fasciculus*

A

connects temporal and occipital lobe

47
Q

describe commisural fibers

A
  • connect equivalent regions btwn hemispheres

- not paired

48
Q

list the two main commissural fibers

A
  • corpus callosum

- commisure of the fornix

49
Q

describe the corpus callosum

A
  • connects the two cerebral hemispheres

- C shape: curves anteriorly towards olfactory tract, and posteriorly towards the temporal lobe

50
Q

what are the components of the corpus callosum?

A
  • rostrum (tip of C)
  • genu (like head)
  • body
  • splenium (bottom of C)
51
Q

what are the forceps minor?

A
  • frontal fiber bundle of corpus callosum

- crosses midline at genu

52
Q

what are the forceps major?

A
  • occipital fiber bundle of corpus callosum

- crosses midline at splenium

53
Q

describe the commissure of the fornix

A
  • connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies (aka hippocampal commissure)
  • formed by left and right cura od Fornix
54
Q

what is the anterior commissure?

A
  • anterior portion of commissure of Fornix

- connects olfactory regions

55
Q

what is the posterior commissure?

A
  • posterior portion of commissure of Fornix

- connects visual nuclei

56
Q

describe projection fibers

A
  • ascending and descending fibers interconnecting the cortex, thalamus, basal nuclei and brainstem
  • composed of internal capsule and corona radiata
57
Q

describe the internal capsule

A
  • composed of anterior limb, genu and posterior limb
  • communication pathway btwn brainstem and cortex
  • separates caudate nucleus and thalamus from putamen and globus pallidus
58
Q

describe the corona radiata

A

white matter tract that connects motor and sensory nerve pathways of the brainstem and cerebral cortex

59
Q

what are the ascending projection fibers?

A

thalamocortical

60
Q

what are the descending projection fibers?

A

frontopontine, corticobulbar, corticospinal

61
Q

what are the key limbic structures?

A 
outer arc:
-cingulate gyrus
-parahippocampal gyrus
inner arc:
-hippocampus
other:
-subcallosal gyrus
-amygdala
-anterior thalamus

anat 312 (18 decks)

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