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Behaviour > Lecture 17 - Amensia and The Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Amensia and The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Outline Retrograde Amnesia

A

Cannot remember events prior to brain damage

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2
Q

Outline Anterograde Amnesia

A

Cannot later remember events occur after brain damage

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3
Q

Causes of Anterograde Amnesia

A 
Alzheimer’s 
Korsakoffs 
Herpes encephalitis 
Anoxia/Ischaemja 
Injuries or rumours limbus system 
Surgeries for epilepsy 
Degenerative brain diseases
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4
Q

Outline Korsakoffs Pscyhosis

A

Reflecting gradual onset
Confabulation
Associated thymine deficiency - vitamin B
Make up stories

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5
Q

Outline Anoxia/Ischaemia

A

Result very selective AA
Aschemic brain damage
Interruption oxygen supply

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6
Q

Outline degenerative brain diseases

A

Schiz
Advanced multiple sclerosis
Huntington’s disease

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7
Q

Outline hippocampus particularly sensitive anoxia

A

Damage field CA1 caused anoxia
Effect oxygen deprivation hippocampus
Both rats and humans distinctive cell layering hippocampus
Structure less well defined and organised

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8
Q

Outline Neural substrates of Hippocampus and associated structures

A

Cortical connections hippocampal formation
Hippocampus lies beneath not truly sub-cortical, rather primitive-cortical infolding mamilliary bodies also implicated amnesia
Lessons similar profile memory loss

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9
Q

Outline HM case study by Milner et al 1968

A 
Epileptic seizures 
Bilateral media temporal lobe removed 
Anterograde amnesia 
Above average IQ, normal perceptual, good memory events prior 
Selective
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10
Q

Outline pure amnestied syndrome

A

HM - Milner
Poor LTM for new material
Perceptual/motor learning intact
Claperede Effect

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11
Q

Outline the Clapered Effect

A

Patient amnesia testing his reflexes
Pin method - patient poked pin
Went to do re-test following session
Patient didn’t remember pin but did say researcher may have pin in his hand

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12
Q

Outline the nature of the deficit

A
  1. Selective effect LTM
  2. Global - impairments across modalities and materials
  3. Selective - impairments remembering new facts and events
  4. Selective - spares learning and expression skilled performance
  5. Info inflexible and expressed limited contexts
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13
Q

Outline effective effect on the LTM

A

Digit span normal 7 +- 3
Extended: multiple repetitions up to 20
HM not recall string excess normal STM even after 25 repetitions

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14
Q

Outline global impairments across different modalities and materials

A

Tests: free, cued recall, recognition
Modalities: amnesia seen information presented different modalities
Visual, auditory, olfactory - different visual agnosia

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15
Q

Outline selective impairments remembering new facts and events

A

HM unable report any personal or public events since surgery
Impaired list based tasks - paired associate learning
Task recall given first word cue
Compare learning face name pairings, new word meanings

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16
Q

Outline evidence impaired memory for new facts and events in HM

A

Take word rather obscure and measure capacity learning and remembering word 3 ways: definition, synonyms, sentences
HM amnesia affects stable, no recovery across 3 years two time points
High test retest reliability

17
Q

Outline amnesia spares learning and expression skilled performance for repetition priming

A

Repetition priming - show something visually lager influence you. Even if don’t remember.

Picture fragment completion and word stem completion

18
Q

Outline amnesia spares learning and expression skilled performance for mirror tracing

A 
Reproducing outline 
Star with only visual info from mirror 
Amnesiacs show savings 
Learning draw what you can’t see only from feedback from mirror 
Normal people get better over time
19
Q

Outline amnesia spares learning and expression skilled performance for mirror image reading task

A

Given word triplets read
Amnesiacs get fast and accurate with multiple presentations
Normal people enter over time
Despite: little no memory learning experience
Little recall/recognition test
Little no insight skills acquired

20
Q

Outline evidence for spares skilled performance broken, degraded drawings

A

Earlier exposed completed image even if don’t remember be much better picture completion
Neurologically intact recognise at an even more incomplete stage

21
Q

Snodgrass and Feenan 1990 picture fragmentation completion

A 
Ppts required join up dots 
Which you produce influenced what saw earlier 
Also in amnesiac patients 
Procedural learning and memory in tact 
Repetition priming
22
Q

Cohen and Squire 1980 mirror image word sets

A

Mirror image reading task only feedback mirror
Improved reading times over trials
For new non repeated sets words
Perceptual skill learned even those in amnesia

23
Q

Outline inflexibility and having little transfer

A

Performance measures exactly same way show savings

Facilitation does not carry over other tasks or contexts

24
Q

Outline amnesiacs dissociation between cues recall and word stem completion

A

Impaired cued recall
But biased previous word exposures asked complete word stems ‘1st word comes mind’ first few letters = cues
Amnesiacs so bad often recalling from previous learnt think - interference

25
Q

Outline Amnesiacs being bad at knowing when paired associate task by Winocur and Weiskrantz 1976

A

Averaging strategy
Amnesiacs bad unrelated pairs
Ok words combined according semantic of phonetic properties
Retention 30 mins ok but couldn’t learn second paired associate list be because high number list 1 intrusions

26
Q

Theoretical accounts

A

Procedural vs Declarative memory - Squire 1992

Semantic vs episodic - Tulving 1972

27
Q

Outline if there are two or more memory systems

A

Declarative/episodic vs Procedural/semantic
Wider circuit not just hippocampus
Pure amnesia damage mammillary bodies

28
Q

Outline if there are two or more memory systems differences Amnesiacs and Korsakoffs

A

Korsakoffs differ from temporal lobe amnesiacs
Maybe just additional deficits associated brain damage - frontal lobe signs
Other degenerative conditions show additional deficits - demand confusion, Schiz

Behaviour (16 decks)

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