Lecture 13 - Drug Taking Behaviour Flashcards
Outline what Macnish 1859 states about the anatomy of drunk ness
Man creature of habit.
Drinking regularly certain times feels longing liquor states return these periods
Certain companies or particular tavern at which he in habit taking his libations (offering)
Outline cue elicited relapse
Exemplified I’m cured tobacco smoker
Cured smoker usually does not crave tobacco may feel intense desire resembling hunger when he gazed at box or sits company smokers
Outline environmental factors in relapse
Primary withdrawal
Drug taking environment triggers cravings
Smell elicits craving related to compensatory adaptation changes = indicates safety environments
Outline Siegel, Hanson, Keane and McCully 1982 study on contextual factors in overdose
Rodents toxicology. % animals dying after exposure different drugs.
Control group same tested environment 100% death
Same dose relative safe environment previously exposed and familiarised with drug
Context specific
Changing environment not as bad as controls
Outline Gutierrez-Cebollada et al 1994 study on overdose in novel environments
Reporting a&e. Asked if when became unwell if I’m usual of different environment
Normal accidents = normal environments
Heroin overdose = unusual environment
Potent in environmental cues drug addiction
Outline stimulus substitution vs opponent process by Solomon and Corbin 1973
How CRs change overtime and bidirectional
Underlying net emotional reactions change over time from initial stimulations to prolonged.
Sum of two underling processes
Outline stimulus substitution vs opponent process by Solomon and Corbin 1973 2 underlying processes
Alpha = positive going reaction
Beta = negative
Beta dominant as conditioning proceeds. Net shifts.
E.g. several times holding fag not smoking. Response decrease become negative. Elicit cravings
Outline compensatory conditioned responses with Diabetes
Compensatory CRs result aversive withdrawal reaction counterbalancing action overshoots
Blood sugar repeatedly increased glucose injection. Placebo decrease blood sugar
Blood sugar repeatedly decreased by insulin injection, placebo results increase blood sugar level
Blood sugar raises anticipation placebo bringing it down
What does compensatory conditioned responses such as that in diabetes tell us?
See how compensatory physiological reactions may result in tolerance
Similar physiologically react drug addictions
Drug not delivered get compensatory reaction. Build up tolerance
Outline compensatory responses of drug addiction in Siegel 1977
Repeated morphine injection less and less effective - tolerance
Substitute placebo injection, pain sensitivity may be even further increased conditioned withdrawal
What did Siegel 1977 propose mechanism relapse drug taking
Conditioned withdrawal mechanisms relapse drug taking
Discuss compensatory conditioned responses
Adrenaline. UCS heart rate increases. CNS controls. UCR reaction lowering heart rate through compensatory mechanism
Conditioned cue injection decrease heart rate
UCS peripheral effect stimulate NS to compensate
Corrections occur anticipation/before drug present and in presence cues
Using different methods absorption affect tolerance
Outline Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984
Little what you want makes you want it more
Conditioned incentive effects
What effect is associated with Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984
Hebb effect
Outline evaluation of Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984
Incentive effects only work when drugs actually available
Ask people how feel in presence cue their drug do not report any negativity
As if receiving dopamine surge (reward)
Who researched reaction and counter reaction to shock
Church et al 1966
Define Church 1966 reaction and counter reaction to shock
Opponency fact life of unconditional relations
Time dependent
Outline activity after morphine or saline injections
After morphine activity first decreased then increased above normal
Reaction then counter-reaction
Inhibiting one but not both components of response
Morphine associated unique box or environment box elicited increase activity as if it were additive (compensatory! Aspect reaction morphine
Outline the implications and risk of overdose by Siegel and Kim 2000
Overdose patient switched oral morphine to skin patch substitute. Changing cue/environment risk overdose
Outline the implications and risk of overdose by Zador 1999
Ingesting heroin in unusual setting not currently publicised as a risk
Implications by exposure of treatments
Latency relapse Extent relapse Cue reactivity Self reports drug use and urges Withdrawal symptoms
Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous recovery: thought extinguished reappear. Best use widely spaced extinction trials minimise.
Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Context Effects
Extinction as CS-no-US associations
Context specific
Therapy room vs Normal setting
Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Occasion Setting Role of Context
Occasion settees don’t extinguish when presented on their own
Do not occur without other cues
Don’t extinguish same way
Ineffective exposure therapy maybe working with wrong cue
Reasons for mixed results in exposure treatments
Exposure occasion setters
Cues from act of self administration
Interoceptive drug associates cues early direct effects or drug onset cues
Potential for overshadowing, drug onset cues likely highly salient
Cue exposure treatment procedures for problem drinking include promising doses alcohol
Outline why this is an overly reductionist approach
Psychological dependency - imaging drug cues elicits craving. Emotions elicit withdrawal distress and craving psychological dependency
Outline conclusions
Drug addiction bio-associative model
Novel implications, both practical and theoretical
Compare associative processes in other disorders
How can drugs of abuse result in over conditioning
Amphetamine increases conditioning to weak cues in LI procedures example
