Lecture 13 - Drug Taking Behaviour

Question 1

Outline what Macnish 1859 states about the anatomy of drunk ness

Answer 1

Man creature of habit.
Drinking regularly certain times feels longing liquor states return these periods
Certain companies or particular tavern at which he in habit taking his libations (offering)

Question 2

Outline cue elicited relapse

Answer 2

Exemplified I’m cured tobacco smoker
Cured smoker usually does not crave tobacco may feel intense desire resembling hunger when he gazed at box or sits company smokers

Question 3

Outline environmental factors in relapse

Answer 3

Primary withdrawal
Drug taking environment triggers cravings
Smell elicits craving related to compensatory adaptation changes = indicates safety environments

Question 4

Outline Siegel, Hanson, Keane and McCully 1982 study on contextual factors in overdose

Answer 4

Rodents toxicology. % animals dying after exposure different drugs.
Control group same tested environment 100% death
Same dose relative safe environment previously exposed and familiarised with drug
Context specific
Changing environment not as bad as controls

Question 5

Outline Gutierrez-Cebollada et al 1994 study on overdose in novel environments

Answer 5

Reporting a&e. Asked if when became unwell if I’m usual of different environment
Normal accidents = normal environments
Heroin overdose = unusual environment
Potent in environmental cues drug addiction

Question 6

Outline stimulus substitution vs opponent process by Solomon and Corbin 1973

Answer 6

How CRs change overtime and bidirectional
Underlying net emotional reactions change over time from initial stimulations to prolonged.
Sum of two underling processes

Question 7

Outline stimulus substitution vs opponent process by Solomon and Corbin 1973 2 underlying processes

Answer 7

Alpha = positive going reaction
Beta = negative
Beta dominant as conditioning proceeds. Net shifts.
E.g. several times holding fag not smoking. Response decrease become negative. Elicit cravings

Question 8

Outline compensatory conditioned responses with Diabetes

Answer 8

Compensatory CRs result aversive withdrawal reaction counterbalancing action overshoots
Blood sugar repeatedly increased glucose injection. Placebo decrease blood sugar
Blood sugar repeatedly decreased by insulin injection, placebo results increase blood sugar level
Blood sugar raises anticipation placebo bringing it down

Question 9

What does compensatory conditioned responses such as that in diabetes tell us?

Answer 9

See how compensatory physiological reactions may result in tolerance
Similar physiologically react drug addictions
Drug not delivered get compensatory reaction. Build up tolerance

Question 10

Outline compensatory responses of drug addiction in Siegel 1977

Answer 10

Repeated morphine injection less and less effective - tolerance
Substitute placebo injection, pain sensitivity may be even further increased conditioned withdrawal

Question 11

What did Siegel 1977 propose mechanism relapse drug taking

Answer 11

Conditioned withdrawal mechanisms relapse drug taking

Question 12

Discuss compensatory conditioned responses

Answer 12

Adrenaline. UCS heart rate increases. CNS controls. UCR reaction lowering heart rate through compensatory mechanism
Conditioned cue injection decrease heart rate
UCS peripheral effect stimulate NS to compensate
Corrections occur anticipation/before drug present and in presence cues
Using different methods absorption affect tolerance

Question 13

Outline Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984

Answer 13

Little what you want makes you want it more

Conditioned incentive effects

Question 14

What effect is associated with Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984

Answer 14

Hebb effect

Question 15

Outline evaluation of Agonistic responses of drug addiction by Stewart et al 1984

Answer 15

Incentive effects only work when drugs actually available
Ask people how feel in presence cue their drug do not report any negativity
As if receiving dopamine surge (reward)

Question 16

Who researched reaction and counter reaction to shock

Answer 16

Church et al 1966

Question 17

Define Church 1966 reaction and counter reaction to shock

Answer 17

Opponency fact life of unconditional relations

Time dependent

Question 18

Outline activity after morphine or saline injections

Answer 18

After morphine activity first decreased then increased above normal
Reaction then counter-reaction
Inhibiting one but not both components of response
Morphine associated unique box or environment box elicited increase activity as if it were additive (compensatory! Aspect reaction morphine

Question 19

Outline the implications and risk of overdose by Siegel and Kim 2000

Answer 19

Overdose patient switched oral morphine to skin patch substitute. Changing cue/environment risk overdose

Question 20

Outline the implications and risk of overdose by Zador 1999

Answer 20

Ingesting heroin in unusual setting not currently publicised as a risk

Question 21

Implications by exposure of treatments

Answer 21

Latency relapse 
Extent relapse 
Cue reactivity 
Self reports drug use and urges 
Withdrawal symptoms

Question 22

Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 22

Spontaneous recovery: thought extinguished reappear. Best use widely spaced extinction trials minimise.

Question 23

Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Context Effects

Answer 23

Extinction as CS-no-US associations
Context specific
Therapy room vs Normal setting

Question 24

Outline applying animal learning in CBT by Siegel and Ramos 2002 Occasion Setting Role of Context

Answer 24

Occasion settees don’t extinguish when presented on their own
Do not occur without other cues
Don’t extinguish same way
Ineffective exposure therapy maybe working with wrong cue

Question 25

Reasons for mixed results in exposure treatments

Answer 25

Exposure occasion setters
Cues from act of self administration
Interoceptive drug associates cues early direct effects or drug onset cues
Potential for overshadowing, drug onset cues likely highly salient
Cue exposure treatment procedures for problem drinking include promising doses alcohol

Question 26

Outline why this is an overly reductionist approach

Answer 26

Psychological dependency - imaging drug cues elicits craving. Emotions elicit withdrawal distress and craving psychological dependency

Question 27

Outline conclusions

Answer 27

Drug addiction bio-associative model
Novel implications, both practical and theoretical
Compare associative processes in other disorders

Question 28

How can drugs of abuse result in over conditioning

Answer 28

Amphetamine increases conditioning to weak cues in LI procedures example