Lecture 11 - Reasoning Flashcards
Outline reasoning by analogy
Relationship between 2 objects can imply same relationship between other objects
Define Gillan, Premack and Woodruff 1981 study
Chin Sarah. Analogically reasoning task.
Tokes. Some match colour others on size
Sarah find token for pattern and complete it
Define Gillan, Premack and Woodruff 1981 study RESULTS
Forced choice: 45/60 trials
Same/Different: 26/36 trials
Reason analogy.
Different human amplify which requires memory
Outline counter argument to not reflecting memory
Alternative to test LTM
Household objects
15/18 correct
Outline Smirnova, Zorina, Onozova and Wasserman 2015 study
Crows shown 3 cards
Middle card sample card and either side had test cards on cups
Crow had choose test card based on relationship/identity with sample card
Shape, colour, size matching stimuli
Trials 1-3 5-7 identify matching
4 and 8 relationships
Outline Smirnova, Zorina, Onozova and Wasserman 2015 study RESULTS
78% correct relational matching
73% identity matching
Outline Obozova, Smirnova, Zorina and Wasserman 2015 study
Amazon Pareot Card matching Relational matching 80% Identity matching 75% Success due animals extensive previous training on variety tasks
Outline Transitive Inference
Reasoning only seen humans 7+ years in concrete operational stage - Piaget
Compare developmental psychology and animal psychology
Focus methodological Developmental - investigating children Young children may not be able tell you what they are thinking Similar in animal studies, cannot ask Both rely on non-verbal tasks
Outline the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus
Table for animal Tray to put stimuli on Researcher behind wall with one way mirror Animal cannot see researcher But researcher can see animal
Outline McGonigle and Chalmers 1977 Squirrel Monkeys experiment using Wisconsin General Test Apparatus
Presented pairs of coloured stimulus
One has peanut hidden under, other doesn’t
Lots trials A and B, then move on to pairing B and C
End monkey present any pairing at random pick correctly
Outline McGonigle and Chalmers 1977 Squirrel Monkeys experiment using Wisconsin General Test Apparatus TEST STAGE
Given test pairing B and D never seen before
Rewarded and non-rewarded equal amounts
Pick B as A has always been rewarded = higher transfer
Whereas E has low value never been rewarded
Outline the Value Transfer Explanation of McGonigle and Chalmers 1977
Indirect acquisition of associative strengths
Reinforcement history matters
Outline GENERALISATION of the Value Transfer Explanation of McGonigle and Chalmers 1977
Pigeons - Von Fersen et al 1991
Rats - Davis 1992
Not unique to humans
Outline Zentall and Sherborne 1994 study
Presented trials A 100% reinforced
Stimulus B never reinforced
Presented stimulus C reinforced 50% time and stimulus D is never reinforced
Outline RESULTS Zentall and Sherborne 1994 study
A = high value —> some transfer B
C = middle value —> some transfer to D
Outline Social Ranking by Paz-y-Mink et al 2004
Social relationships in animals and dominant ranking
Pinyon Jays
1st stage established social ranking know which birds more dominant
2 groups and knew ranking
Contestant over peanuts
Outline Experimental and Control conditions of Social Ranking by Paz-y-Mink et al 2004
Experimental group: observer bird watching contest and observes member own group losing
Control group: observes member other group losing
Outline Social Ranking by Paz-y-Mink et al 2004 RESULTS
Experimental group more submissive
Observe test bird winning against member their group who is more dominant
Believe no chance winning so act submissive
Control group - do not see anyone and cannot make this reference
Outline Causal reasoning in rats - Blaisdell, Sawa, Lessing and Waksman 2006
Animals some awareness consequences - instrumental conditioning
But do they actually understand they caused a consequence?
Outline Causal reasoning in rats - Blaisdell, Sawa, Lessing and Waksman 2006 stage 1
Rats see light and consequence of light coming on they get food or hear tone/music.
Light can cause 2 different things
Outline Causal reasoning in rats - Blaisdell, Sawa, Lessing and Waksman 2006 stage 2
Some rats able press lever consequence they hear the tone
Other rats just observes tone being played
Outline Causal reasoning in rats - Blaisdell, Sawa, Lessing and Waksman 2006 RESULTS
Observer rats expect food as think tone is on so light must have happened and light causes food l. Look for food.
Experimental lever rats not expect food as pressed lever as know they caused tone. Do not investigate food. Fewer nose presses into food boxes. Causal reasoning
Outline alternative explanations for causal reasoning in rats by Dwyer, Starns and Honey 2009
Replicates using within-subjects. Response competition: lever press vs nose poke. When pressure lever can’t also poke nose into food box
Outline alternative explanations for causal reasoning in rats by Burgess, Dwyer and Honey 2012
Influence of alternative causes
No support for idea that rats create causal models
Outline impact of Language on causal reasoning
Language required for reasoning tasks
Language impairment are impaired on reasoning tasks
