Lecture 15 - Social Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Outline Social Learning

A

Learning influenced by observation of or interaction with another animal

Heyes 1994

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2
Q

Define Social Facilitation

A

Increased behaviour due presence others performing that behaviour

Yawning, budgies stretching, migration sea turtle hatchlings, heard behaviour

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3
Q

Define Social Influence

A

Stimulus and local enhancement
Increase tendency interact objects (stimulus) or approach location (local) because presence/action others

Lorenz and ducks more likely escape through hole in fence if saw other ducks doing that
Not necessarily learning just attracted

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4
Q

Define Affordance Learning

A

Learning what can be done with objects or environment

Not necessary have observed from another

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5
Q

Outline social or independent learning in potato washing in macaques 1953

A

IMO females wash potatoes before eating. 1958 14/15 2/11 adults washing potatoes.
Like social learning and imitation

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6
Q

Limitation of social or independent learning in potato washing in macaques 1953

A
Human intervention - given potatoes 
Operant conditioning - increase behaviour being rewarded (more potatoes) 
Acquisition slow = 2 years 
Rate recruitment not increase 
More compatible learning independently
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7
Q

Outline Food preferences by Wrenn et al 2003

A

Mice ate cinnamon or cocoa flavoured food
Placed in cage observer mouse
24 hours later observer mouse choice food
Observer mice ate more cued food
Amount consumed correlated number sniffs
Useful - safer, prevent poisonous foods
Last generations

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8
Q

Outline fear of predators Mineka and Cook 1988 Monkeys fear of snakes

A

Conditioned response through observation of others
Observed wild reared monkeys reactions real snake
After observation observer monkeys displayed more avoidance and fear behaviour

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9
Q

Define imitation

A

Copying another’s behaviour exactly to reach same goal

Capable social traditions —> culture

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10
Q

Define emulation

A

Exact actions not reproduced by observer but aims for same goal

Or actions are reproduced but for different goal

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11
Q

Outline Bidirectional task by Heyes and Dawson 1990

A

Rats observed demonstrator pushing joystick to left/right food reward
Observers given access joystick

Left observers made more left pushed

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12
Q

Outline Two-Action Procedure - Atkins and Zenrall 1996

A

Trained Japanese quail manipulate treadle for food reward
Peck with beak or step with foot
Observers made more responses same part body their demonstrator

Consequences important - more likely copy behaviour observed demonstrator get reward

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13
Q

Outline chimps and children study by Horner and Whiten 2005

A

Watched demonstrator how open box including unnecessary behaviours
Box opaque both imitate
Box transparent chimps didn’t perform unnecessary behaviours

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14
Q

Outline findings and conclusions from chimps and children study by Horner and Whiten 2005

A

Imitation employed expense efficiency in humans - wasting time and energy

Emulation employed expense true copying in chimps

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15
Q

Outline definition of teaching by Caro and Hauser 1992

A

Teacher modify behaviour presence naive observer
Cost to teacher or no immediate benefit
Pupil acquired knowledge earlier/faster if not learnt

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16
Q

Outline Meerkats stages of teaching

A

Stages: teacher remove sting and for them tackle live but harmless scorpion. Teach how bite sting off.

Traditions: early rising/having low in never changes over years. Passed on over years

17
Q

Outline Meerkats study on Thornton and McAuliffe 2006

A

Helpers modify behaviour presence pups
Adjust killing or disabling prey depending pup age
Helpers no direct benefit and incur costs - time, prey escape
Important pups developing pre-handling skills

18
Q

Outline Ants study by Franks and Richardson 2006 and Richardson et al 2007

A
Tandem running in temnothorax albipennis - follow leader any 
Ants show naive ants location food 
Teacher modifies behaviour 
Costs teacher run x4 slower 
Pupil learn skills