Lecture 17-19: Vaccines Flashcards
Describe Jenner
- used cowpox to vaccinate
- named vaccine cause vacca cow
Describe Pasteur
- father of “modern” vaccines
- developed a rabies vaccine and treated someone with it
What four groups can immunity be grouped into?
- natural passive (milk)
- induced passive (anti venom)
- natural active (infection)
- induced active immunity (vaccination)
What is passive immunity
Pre-made immunoglobulins from previously immunized individuals provides immediate protection and does not generate memory
What is natural passive immunity
-occurs with transfer of maternal antibodies through placenta and breast milk
What is induced passive immunity
Antibodies from another immunized organism is transferred to you and you have immunity
What is the difference between immunization and vaccination
- immunization is gaining protective immunity through exposure to a pathogen
- vaccination is intentionally exposing an individual to a pathogen
Which disease has been eradicated
Smallpox
What are the three components of vaccines?
- antigen
- adjuvant
- route and dose
What are the three types of antigen types that can be present
- live attenuated
- killed
- subunit or toxoid
What is live attenuated
- weakened virulent
- actually infect host
- big immune response
- long lasting memory
- measles and mumps
What is a killed vaccine
- whole killed pathogen
- unable to infect host
- weaker immune response
- often requires multiple booster
- polio and influenza
What is subunit or toxoid vaccines
- specific molecules isolated from a pathogen
- unable to infect host
- weaker immune response
- often requires multiple boosters
- diphtheria and tetanus
What are the negatives of live attenuated
- possibility that attenuated vaccine could be reverted to an active pathogen
- cannot be given to health care professionals or immunocompromised
- need to be refrigerated to stay potent
- difficult to make bacterial live attenuated
When is a toxoid vaccine used?
Used when bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness
What are the new types of vaccines?
- engineered
- Dna/rna
What is engineered
- attach targets from a virulent pathogen to a weak pathogen
- actually infect the host
- long lasting
- no exposure to virulent pathogen
What is the DNA/RNA vaccine
- no pathogen
- encourage with a gene encoding a pathogen target
- engages innate immune receptors
- engineered to be optimal
What are the theoretical concerns for DNA/RNA
- potential for integration into host chromosomal DNA causing mutation and cancer
- could lead to autoimmune diseases
What three things do adjuvants do?
- retains antigen at the site
- promotes uptake of the antigen, phagocytosis
- activates innate immunity
What does an adjuvant usually consist of?
Mixture of oils, metal salts (alum), microbial cell wall components
How does an adjuvant activate the innate immune system?
It activates leukocytes
What does the route and dose effect
It determines how the immune system sees the antigen, magnitude of the response and immunological memory
What route stimulates systemic immunity
Subcutaneous and intramuscular, slow absorption and transportation to local lymph nodes
What route stimulates mucosal immunity
Intranasal or oral, rapid absorption and involvement of lymphoid tissues
Maybe go over how a vaccine produced a response
Okay I did, lecture 18
Why is vaccine hesitancy more common
- anti-vaccine movement
- misinformation and social media
- lack of disease
- laziness
What are five vaccine myths
- vaccine causes autism
- vaccines contain toxic mercury
- natural route is better
- vaccine only protects you
- good genes so no vaccine is needed
