Lecture 10: Innate cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are autoimmune diseases

A

Immune system starts attacking your own body

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2
Q

What are hypersensitivity diseases?

A

Allergies and asthma

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3
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

We are so clean today we aren’t expose to enough irritants

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4
Q

Name all the cells of the innate immune system (9)

A
  • macrophage
  • dendritic cell
  • mast cell
  • natural killer cells
  • complement protein
  • granulocytes
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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5
Q

List all of the cells of the adaptive immune system (6)

A
  • B cell
  • T cell
  • Antibodies
  • CD4+ T cell
  • CDB+ T cell
  • natural killer T cell
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6
Q

Which cell do both adaptive and innate share

A

Natural killer T cell

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7
Q

Where do all the cells come from?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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8
Q

Where do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells come from?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

How are more stem cells made?

A

They’re self renewing

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10
Q

What do stem cells respond to?

A

Colony stimulating factors and cytokines

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11
Q

What are colony stimulating factors

A

Proteins that bind to receptors on stem cells and tell them to differentiate

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12
Q

What is differentiation mediated by

A

Transcription factors

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13
Q

What is the rate of hematopoiesis for a normal body and an infected body?

A

Normal steady rate then can increase 10-20 fold

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14
Q

Do pluripotent stem cells directly differentiate or do they have intermediate types?

A

They have intermediate types and pass through different stages of differentiation

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15
Q

Can cells at each stage give rise to any cell?

A

No, they can give rise to multiple cells but not all cells

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16
Q

What are common progenitor cells?

A

The intermediate stages between a stem cell and an immune cell

17
Q

How do transcription factors and cytokines and colony stimulating factors create cell differentiation?

A
  • moving between different stages is due to cytokines and CSF
  • this causes changes in transcription factor activity
  • this transcription factor activity induces developmental changes in cell differentiation
18
Q

What are monocytes/macrophages

A

A monocyte differentiates into a macrophage once entering tissue

19
Q

Where are monocytes before they become macrophages?

20
Q

What do macrophages do?

A
  • detect pathogens via PRR or TLRs
  • phagocytosis
  • present pathogens to T cells (APC)
  • activate adaptive immune system
  • shape adaptive immune response via cytokines
  • inflammation
21
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Capturing and killing pathogens, eating

22
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Cells that present antigens to the adaptive immune system

23
Q

What changes do a monocyte go through to become a macrophage?

A
  • enlargen
  • increase organelles
  • increase phagocytic ability
  • increased hydrolytic enzymes
24
Q

How do macrophages increase inflammation

A
  • isolate pathogen
  • secrete cytokines
  • raise body temperature
  • recruit additional cells
25
What are the 1st class of phagocytes
macrophages
26
What are the 2nd class of phagocytes
dendritic cells
27
What are dendritic cells
Unusually shaped phagocytic cells
28
What do dendritic cells express high levels of?
MHCII
29
What is MHCII
Cell surface molecule required to present antigens to CD4+ T cells
30
Are dendritic cells antigen presenting cells?
Yes
31
What are dendritic cells the single most important for
Activation of naive T-cells
32
Is there just one kind of dendritic cell?
No, many subsets
33
What are the two different flavours of dendritic cells?
- non-lymphoid dendritic cells | - lymphoid dendritic cells
34
What are non-lymphoid dendritic cells called in skin and other organs respectively?
- Langerhans cells | - Interstitial dendritic cells