Lecture 16 Flashcards
What is the mode of action for Hydrogen peroxide?
Oxidation
What causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
What are the two types of non-specific chemical combination?
Oxidation and alkylation
Name all three Alkylating agents
- Formaldehyde
- Gluteraldehyde
- Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde is commonly found in what kind of solution?
A 37% solution. Combined with 8% tincture, this solution becomes a sterilant
Define carcinogenic
Causes cancer
Which alkylating agent is carcinogenic?
Formaldehyde
What is formaldehyde used for?
Preserving bodies, sterilizing scalpels, and sterilizing vaccines
Glutaraldehyde has what concentration in solution?
2%
What is glutaraldehyde commonly used for?
Dental equipment, respiratory therapy, and cleaning cow teats
Is sporocidal
Which of the alkylating agents is the least toxic?
Glutaraldehyde
Ethylene oxide is found in what form?
A sterilant gas
What makes ethylene oxide dangerous?
It is carcinogenic and explosive in the correct conditions
What is the mode of action for formaldehyde?
Alkylation
What is the mode of action for gluteraldehyde?
Alkylation
What is the mode of action for ethylene oxide?
Alkylation
What are the two Oxidizing agents?
- Halogens
2. Hydrogen Peroxide
Why is hydrogen peroxide considered an ideal agent?
It is effective at killing things and breaks down into O2 and H2O
At what concentration is Hydrogen peroxide most commonly found?
3%
Why does hydrogen peroxide bubble in wounds?
The enzyme catalase rapidly breaks it down
How does hydrogen peroxide kill anaerobes?
It lets of O2, which kills the anaerobe
Name an anaerobe easily killed by hydrogen peroxide
Tetanus
How do we treat deep infections of streptococcus pyogenes, which becomes a flesh-eating disease when deep?
2% solution of hydrogen peroxide after removal of dead tissue
At what concentration does hydrogen peroxide become a cold sterilant?
10%
What is 10% hydrogen peroxide commonly used for?
Sterilizing heat sensitive surgical implants
Name 5 oxidizing halogen agents
- Iodophors
- Iodine tincture
- Chlorine
- Sodium hypochlorite
- Halozone
What is the mode of action for a Halazone?
Oxidation
What is halazone?
A form of bleach that comes in tablet form
Halazone is very poor against protozoan cysts, such as giardia and beaver fever. What is added to halazone to make it more effective?
Carbon filters
Sodium hypochlorite is found in bleach at what concentration?
5.25%
In hospital situations, at what concentration will you find sodium hypochlorite? What is it used for?
10%, used to disinfect IV needles and kidney dialysis
Why do bleach solutions with sodium hypochlorite need to be made daily?
Very volatile (evaporation and chemical breakdown)
What is the mode of action for sodium hypochlorite?
Oxidation
Chlorine is used to treat what?
Water
Chlorine is commonly found in what form?
Gas
Chlorine’s mode of action is what?
Oxidation
What is the residual concentration of chlorine in drinkable water?
.5-1 parts per million
Iodophors have what mode of action?
Oxidation
What are iodophors used for?
Disinfecting skin and IV catheters inhospital settings. Also to test against opthalmia neonatorum
What are two solubilizing agents found in iodophors?
Betadine polyvinyl alcohol and povidone polyvinal pyrolidone
Why do iodophors need a solubilizing agent?
To keep the iodine in the solution
What iis the mode of action for Iodine tincture?
Oxidation
What is Iodine tincture used for?
Was an antispectic, but no longer used because it was an irritating chemical that was ineffective when dry
What is the chemical makeup of iodine tincture?
Solid crystals in a 1-2% alcohol solution
T or F - Halogens are viricidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, amoebicidal, and slowly sporicidal
True
When are halogens inactivated?
In the presence of organic matter, or alkaline conditions
Why are halogens not commonly used?
Irritating to tissues and not very stable, even when in solution
What do oxidizing agents do?
Inactivate functional groups (-SH groups) and form mercaptides (R-S-S-R)
