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Microbiology Exam 2 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

How are chemicals classified?

A

By their mode of action

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2
Q

Name 6 modes of action

A
  1. Protein Denaturization
  2. Disrupting the phospholipioprotien membranes
  3. Suppression of cell wall synthesis
  4. Antimetabolites
  5. Inhibiting protein synthesis
  6. Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
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3
Q

What bonds are effected by protein coagulation

A

H bonds and disulfide bonds

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4
Q

Define narrow spectrum

A

It effects only a small number of microbes (commonly only g- or g+)

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5
Q

Do viruses have protoplasms?

A

No, they have proteins on the exterior

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6
Q

What does IV mean?

A

Intravenus

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7
Q

Is protein coagulation reversible?

A

No

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8
Q

Is protein coagulation cidal, static, or inhibitory?

A

Cidal

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9
Q

Is protein coagulation broad spectrum?

A

Yes, it is effective against G+ and G-, viruses, protazoa, fungi, and humans

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10
Q

What does protein coagulation kill?

A

Bacteria, viruses, protazoa, fungi, even humans

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11
Q

Define systemically

A

Interior of the body

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12
Q

Where are protein coagulation agents normally used?

A

Externally, not systemically

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13
Q

Name some Alkalies and Acids

A

HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 (Used mainly in research) and NaOH, KOH (also used mainly in research)

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14
Q

What is the mode of action for Alkalies and acids?

A

Protein coagulation

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15
Q

When are alkales and acids most commonly used?

A

In research due to strength

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16
Q

Is ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH) a sterilent?

A

No, it is a disinfectant

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17
Q

What is the mode of action of ammonia hydroxide?

A

Protein coagulation

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18
Q

What is benzoic acid commonly used as?

A

A preservative because it also acts as an antifungal (mostly in sodas)

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19
Q

What is the mode of action for benzoic acid?

A

Protein coagulation

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20
Q

What is propionic acid commonly used for?

A

An antifungal in breads

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21
Q

What is the mode of action for propionic acid

A

Protein coagulation

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22
Q

Name an salt of propionic acid

A

Calcium propionate

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23
Q

Name an example of benzoic acid

A

Sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate

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24
Q

Which of the following is used as an antifungal in bread?

  1. Sodium benzoate
  2. Potassium benzoate
  3. HNO3
  4. Calcium proprionate
A
  1. Calcium proprionate
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25
Q

How effective is phenol?

A

Intermediate effectiveness

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26
Q

T or F - Phenol remains effective in the presence of organic matter (feces, urine, vomit)

A

True

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27
Q

Against what kind of cell is phenol strongly microbiocidal against?

A

Vegetative cells

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28
Q

Name a vegetative cell that phenol is very effective against

A

Mycobacterium (which causes tuberculosis)

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29
Q

What does Mycobacterium cause?

A

Tuberculosis

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30
Q

Define analgesic

A

A painkiller

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31
Q

Which of the following is a painkiller?

  1. Propionic acid
  2. Benzoic acid
  3. Phenol
  4. Creol
A
  1. Phenol
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32
Q

Give 4 disadvantages of phenol

A
  1. Not reliably sporicidal (do not always kill spores), meaning that it is a disinfectant
  2. Not good against Hepatitis B
  3. Caustic, meaning that they burn
  4. Will accumulate in the environment and are difficult to get rid of
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33
Q

Define caustic

A

Burning

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT an antifungal?

  1. Sodium Benzoate
  2. Phenol
  3. Calcium proprionate
  4. Propionic acid
A
  1. Phenol
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35
Q

What is phenol normally used as?

A

Disinfecting and a preservative in vaccines

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36
Q

Creolin, a type of Cresol, is commonly found where?

A

Commonly found in soaps, so as to make the creolin more soluable

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37
Q

Where is creolin commonly used?

A

Animal quarters

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37
Q

What is MkKesson? What does it kill?

A

A disinfectant with O-phenylphenol, containg 57% alcohol

Kills TB

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38
Q

How long must MkKesson be left on (at 25*C) to disinfect?

A

10 minutes

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39
Q

Where is O-phenylphenol used?

A

In the fields, to spray plants

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40
Q

At what concentration is Hexachlorophene used in anti-bacterials?

41
Q

What chemical caused death in babies due to being placed in baby powder?

A

Hexachlorophene

42
Q

Why is hexachlorophene a dangerous neurotoxin?

A

It sticks to your skin and is absorbed

43
Q

How is hexachlorophene obtained?

A

Used to be OTC (over the counter) but is now by prescription (phisohex)

44
Q

At what percentage can hexachlorophene be found as a preservative?

45
Q

Hexachlorophene uses what mode of action?

A

Protein coagulation

46
Q

Where is triclosan found?

A

Soaps, shampoos, kitty litter, toothpaste (as an anti-gingivitis agent)

47
Q

What chemical with residual action is found in toothpaste and an anti-gingivitis agent?

48
Q

What is the mode of action for Triclosan?

A

Protein coagulation

49
Q

What phenol is capable of interrupting hormones?

50
Q

What two bacteria is triclosan commonly used against?

A
  1. Psendomonas Aeruginosa

2. Acinetobacter

51
Q

You are in the hospital when a non-fermenter, Psendomonas Aeruginosa gets on your skin. What disinfectant should you use?

  1. O-phenylphenol
  2. Chlorhexidine
  3. Thimerosal
  4. Triclosan
52
Q

What chemical has replaced hexachlorophene in a lot of hospitals?

A

Chlorhexidine

53
Q

What is the mode of action for Chlorhexidine?

A

Protein coagulation

54
Q

Chlorhexidine has residual action. Why is it not as dangerous as the chemical it has replaced, hexachlorophene?

A

It doesn’t get deep enough to be absorbed by the blood stream

55
Q

A 2% solution of chlorhexidine is commonly used to clean what?

56
Q

How is chlorhexidine normally found?

A

In a 4% solution with 4% isopropyl

57
Q

Cresyl acetate is commonly used as what?

A

An anti-septic and analgesic

58
Q

For what tissues is Cresyl acetate commonly used for?

A

Mucus membranes, like the ear, nose, and throat

59
Q

How effective are salts of heavy metals at protein coagulation?

A

Low effectivness

60
Q

Why are the salts of heavy metals not commonly used for healing tissues?

A

It delays healing in tissues, and is often inactivated in the presence of organic matter. It is also toxic

61
Q

Mercuric bichloride was the longest used disinfectant. Why did we stop using it?

A

It turns out mercury is kinda toxic.

62
Q

What is the mode of action for Mercuric bichloride?

A

Protein coagulation

63
Q

What is another name for Thimerosal?

A

Merthiolate

64
Q

Due to its toxicity, thimerosal is slowly being removed from use (and was officially removed from the market in 1998). What can it still be commonly found in, though in very small concentrations?

65
Q

Silver Nitrate is used a lot in what?

A

Research and coating catheters

66
Q

What did Silver Nitrate used to help prevent?

A

Opthalmia Neonatorum (in the eyes to prevent gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatis)

67
Q

What replaced silver nitrate?

A

Erythromycin

68
Q

Argyrol is used on what tissue?

A

Mucus membranes

69
Q

What is the mode of action for silver nitrate?

A

Protein coagulation

70
Q

Argyrol is found in products as a what?

A

Preservative, since it is not an very effective anti microbial

71
Q

What is the most common operation for Argyrol to be used in?

A

opthalmic operations

72
Q

T or F - Argyrol is the most effective heavy metal salt anti-microbial

A

False, Argyrol is a very poor anti-microbial

73
Q

What is the chemical makeup up silver sulfadiazine?

A

A silver in combination with a sulfa drug (antibiotic)

74
Q

Silver sulfadiazine is an example of two chemicals becoming more effective when combined. What is this called?

75
Q

Where is silver sulfadiazine most commonly used? What is it preventing?

A

On burn patients to prevent pseudomonas

76
Q

Zinc oxide and zinc chloride serve what purpose in mouthwashes?

A

It is a perservative

77
Q

Zinc oxide is used as what?

A

An antifungal ointment

78
Q

What is the mode of action for argyrol

A

Protein coagulation

79
Q

What is the mode of action for Zinc?

A

Protein coagulation

80
Q

What is the mode of action for copper?

A

Protein coagulation

81
Q

Miner used copper sock to control what kind of infections?

A

Fungal infections

82
Q

T or F - Copper has high toxicity, but no residual action

A

False, copper has high toxicity and leaks very slowly

83
Q

Is alcohol a disinfectant or a sterilant?

A

Disinfectant. Does not kill spores

84
Q

How does molecular weight relate to the effectiveness of the alcohol?

A

The higher the weight, the more effective

85
Q

How effective is methanol as an alcohol?

A

Not very effective

86
Q

Rubbing alcohol (70%) is commonly used. What alcohol is in rubbing alcohol?

A

Ethanol or Isopropyl

87
Q

How long must rubbing alcohol (70% ethanol) be on your skin to be effective?

A

10-15 seconds

88
Q

How long must rubbing alcohol (70% isopropyl) be on your skin to be effective?

A

10-15 seconds

89
Q

What makes isopropyl more advantageous over ethanol?

A

Isopropyl still works in concentrations as low as 35%, while ethanol does not

90
Q

What is the mode of action for alcohols?

A

Protein coagulation

91
Q

Where can you find benzyl being used?

A

In low concentrations in IV solutions for adults

92
Q

Why is benzyl not used to treat babies?

A

It is very toxic, and while adults can metabolize it, babies cannot

93
Q

T or F - Benzyl is not very soluble in water

94
Q

Name all 4 major categories of agents whose mode of action is protein coagulation.

A
  1. Alkalies and acids
  2. Phenols
  3. Heavy metal salts
  4. Alcohols
95
Q

What chemical is used to sterilize ear tubes historically ?

97
Q

Name the 6 Phenols

A 
phenol (duh)
cresol
o-phenylphenol
hexachlorophene
triclosan
Cresyl acetate
98
Q

Name the salts of heavy metals

A 
mercuric bichloride
thimerosal
silver nitrate
argrol
silver & sulfadiazine
zinc
copper
99
Q

Name the alcohols

A

methanol
ethanol
isopropyl
benzyl alcohol

100
Q

Give an example of a cresol

Microbiology Exam 2 (11 decks)

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