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PATH 300 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conducting zone ?

A

From the nose to the terminal bronchioles.

Its function is to conduct the air into the respiratory zone.

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2
Q

What is the respiratory zone ?

A

From the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli.

Its function is to be the site for gas exchange.

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3
Q

What type of epithelium to you find in the terminal bronchioles ?

A

Cuboidal.

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4
Q

What type of epithelium to you find in the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous.

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5
Q

What type of epithelium to you find in the Trachea/Bronchus ?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium + goblet cells.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism that restricts foreign particles from going into the lungs ?

A

Mucociliary clearance.

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7
Q

How many alveoli are there in the lungs ?

A

480 million. Equivalent of a tennis court.

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8
Q

What are the cells of the alveoli ?

A
  1. Pneumocytes
    a) Type I : long and flat. Only 10% of alveolar cells, but covers 95% of surface.
    b) Type II: cuboidal. makes surfactant. 18% of alveolar cells, but only covers 5% of surface.
  2. Macrophages.
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9
Q

What are the main categories of defences against respiratory infection ?

A
  1. Innate.
  2. Adaptive
  3. Reflexes (Coughing, sneezing)
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10
Q

What are the innate defences against respiratory infections ?

A
  1. Mucociliary clearance (includes mucus, antimicrobial factors, NALT, cilia)
  2. Alveolar Macrophages
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11
Q

What are the adaptive defences against respiratory infections ?

A
  1. PMN (neutrophils)
  2. B cells (make IgA)
  3. Plasma cells
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12
Q

What is a fomite ?

A

A nonliving organism that carries an infectious organism.

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13
Q

What is the rhinovirus ?

A

The virus most commonly behind the common flu.

It’s a single stranded RNA

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14
Q

What are the main types of receptors to which the rhinovirus binds ?

A

ICAM1

LDL

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15
Q

What are the main modes of transmission of the rhinovirus ?

A

Hands, nose, saliva.
At work/home. (but mostly unknown).
Through aerosols of respiratory droplets.
Through fomites.

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16
Q

What is RSV ?

A

The most common virus behind the acute respiratory infections in children.

17
Q

Is there a vaccine for RSV ?

A

No because the previous vaccine didn’t activate TLR7 (PRR), so there were not enough antibodies produced and children died.

18
Q

What are the 3 stages of the whooping cough?

A
  1. Catarrhal : (main period of transmission)
  2. Convulsant: signature cough. (main period of mortality)
  3. Convalescence: after 1-2 months.
19
Q

What is the cause of whooping cough?

A

Pertussis virus : interferes with mucociliary clearance.

The pertussis toxin exacerbates response to bradykinin and histamine, which causes the cough.

20
Q

What is the presentation of diphtheria ?

A

Formation of a pseudomembrane.

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action behind diphtheria ?

A

The diphtheria bacteria needs to be infected by corynebacteriaophage, so that it gets the tox gene. In low iron condition, the tox gene can produce the diphtheria toxin. The diphtheria toxin is then internalized by cells, binds to an elongation factor, this causes ribosylation, and thus it stops protein synthesis

22
Q

How do you stop the diphtheria toxin ?

A

Formalin inactivates the diphtheria toxin.

23
Q

What is the leading infectious cause of death in children under 5 ?

A

Pneumonia.

24
Q

What is the presentation of pneumonia ?

A

Accumulation of fluid and cells (neutrophils, macrophages) in the alveoli.

25
Q

What disrupts surfactant during pneumonia ?

A

Cardiolipin.

26
Q

What is the region in the world that has the most TB incidence ?

A

Asia.

27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of TB ?

A

TB hides in a macrophage, there is still recruitment of macrophages/neutrophils which form a granuloma.

28
Q

What are the treatment options for TB ?

A

Treatments: by interfering with bacteria itself.
1st line - Isoniazid: interferes with cell wall synthesis
1st line - Rifampin : interferes with RNA synthesis
2nd line -Fluoroquinalones : inhibit DNA synthesis.

29
Q

What are the vaccine options for TB ?

A

BCG: before exposure.

H56 : after exposure.

30
Q

What is Multidrug resistant TB ?

A

TB resistant to 1st line drugs. (Mostly in Asia)

31
Q

What is Extensively-drug resistant TB ?

A

TB resistant to most second-line drugs.

PATH 300 (16 decks)

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