lecture 16

Question 1

Kupfer cells are the entry point of malaria into

Answer 1

the liver

Question 2

Malaria is a unicellular, ________ parasite

Phylum

Genus

_ species infect humans

Many other species infect animals

Answer 2

Malaria is a unicellular, eukaryotic parasite

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Genus: Plasmodium

4species infect humans

Many other species infect animals

Question 3

People with the heterozygous gene for sickle cell anaemia are ____ to malaria

Answer 3

resistant

Malaria has a strong selective force

Question 4

The cell of malaria is polar or non-polar?

Answer 4

polar

Question 5

True or False

The apical complex helps malaria to live inside cells

Answer 5

True

Question 6

The life cycle begins in the _______

end in the ___

Answer 6

Mosquito

ends in the blood

Question 7

As malaria grows it eats the ______

Answer 7

Haemoglobin

Question 8

The iron based haem is toxic so it crystalises in the malaria cell - which is used as a…

Answer 8

diagnostic tool

Question 9

The 3 stages of Malaria are:

Answer 9

1. Mosquito stage - sexual reproduction
   - The definitive host (thats where sex happens)
2. Liver stage - asexual reproduction
   - few parasites get to the liver
   - released as merizootes
3. Blood -stage - asexual reproduction, major amplification stage
   - 1000 initial cells–> 10^11
   - 10^13 total RBCs

Question 10

True or False

there are clinical syndromes relating to the malaria cell infecting liver cells

Answer 10

False - the numbers are too low

Question 11

Sexual stage in the female Anopheles mosquito lasts how long usually?

Answer 11

1-2 weeks

Question 12

Injected sporozoites enter ________ via the skin

Answer 12

Hepatocytes

Question 13

Asexual liver stage last…

Answer 13

1-2 weeks

Question 14

Asexual blood stage is relatively synchonous and takes ____ days

Answer 14

2-3 days

depending on the species of malaria

Question 15

Disease occurs a week to a months after ______

Answer 15

infection

has to go through all the stages

Question 16

________ form in the blood and are taken up by a feeding mosquito

Answer 16

Gametocytes

Question 17

There are >_____ proteins that make up a malaria parasite

Answer 17

There are >5000 proteins that make up a malaria parasite

Question 18

Most of the Malaria deaths are caused by which species?

Answer 18

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 19

Plasmodium vivax also results in significant ____ but low ______

Answer 19

Plasmodium vivax also results in signifcant morbidity but low mortality

Question 20

Returning soldier usually get infection with which species?

why?

Answer 20

Plasmodium vivax

It has a latent form in the liver - called a Hypnozoites

Question 21

Spleen checks the blood cells every now and then…

Therefore what is cytoadherence/sequestration and how does it help Malaria cells

Answer 21

A mechanism used to hang onto blood vessel walls - generally small capillary or post-capillary walls

for dear life - so it doesn’t make it to the spleen

Question 22

True or False

Cytoadherence is a cause of most death in malaria patients

Is it straight ischemic damage though?

Answer 22

true

especially in brain capillary

no straight blcokage, like a stroke, action and recovery can lead to normal brain function, unlike a stroke

Question 23

PfEMP1 is responsible for

Answer 23

ctyoadherence

Question 24

Parasites modify the wall of the RBC, to display _______, which is an adherence ligand

Answer 24

PfEMP1

Question 25

PfEMP1 binds to receptors on _______cells

Answer 25

epithelial cells

Question 26

PfMP1 can switch to 60x variants, what does this mean for the immune response

Answer 26

Antibodies made for the initial adherence ligand will not be effective of the duration of the disease, will change

Question 27

True or False

Some adherence ligands like sticking to ICAM1, CD36 or other molecules and the severity of disease is dependant on which variant of PfEMP1 is chosen

Answer 27

true

Question 28

There are __ chromosomes in the malaria genome

Answer 28

14

with 60 different copies of PfEMP1

Question 29

PfEMP1 gene variants are called

Answer 29

var genes

only 1 is expressed at a time

Question 30

The clonal antigenic variation of PfEMP1 results in recrudescence, which is..

Answer 30

parasite persistence