lecture 16 Flashcards
Kupfer cells are the entry point of malaria into
the liver
Malaria is a unicellular, ________ parasite
Phylum
Genus
_ species infect humans
Many other species infect animals
Malaria is a unicellular, eukaryotic parasite
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Genus: Plasmodium
4species infect humans
Many other species infect animals
People with the heterozygous gene for sickle cell anaemia are ____ to malaria
resistant
Malaria has a strong selective force
The cell of malaria is polar or non-polar?
polar
True or False
The apical complex helps malaria to live inside cells
True
The life cycle begins in the _______
end in the ___
Mosquito
ends in the blood
As malaria grows it eats the ______
Haemoglobin
The iron based haem is toxic so it crystalises in the malaria cell - which is used as a…
diagnostic tool
The 3 stages of Malaria are:
- Mosquito stage - sexual reproduction
- The definitive host (thats where sex happens) - Liver stage - asexual reproduction
- few parasites get to the liver
- released as merizootes - Blood -stage - asexual reproduction, major amplification stage
- 1000 initial cells–> 10^11
- 10^13 total RBCs
True or False
there are clinical syndromes relating to the malaria cell infecting liver cells
False - the numbers are too low
Sexual stage in the female Anopheles mosquito lasts how long usually?
1-2 weeks
Injected sporozoites enter ________ via the skin
Hepatocytes
Asexual liver stage last…
1-2 weeks
Asexual blood stage is relatively synchonous and takes ____ days
2-3 days
depending on the species of malaria
Disease occurs a week to a months after ______
infection
has to go through all the stages
________ form in the blood and are taken up by a feeding mosquito
Gametocytes
There are >_____ proteins that make up a malaria parasite
There are >5000 proteins that make up a malaria parasite
Most of the Malaria deaths are caused by which species?
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax also results in significant ____ but low ______
Plasmodium vivax also results in signifcant morbidity but low mortality
Returning soldier usually get infection with which species?
why?
Plasmodium vivax
It has a latent form in the liver - called a Hypnozoites
Spleen checks the blood cells every now and then…
Therefore what is cytoadherence/sequestration and how does it help Malaria cells
A mechanism used to hang onto blood vessel walls - generally small capillary or post-capillary walls
for dear life - so it doesn’t make it to the spleen
True or False
Cytoadherence is a cause of most death in malaria patients
Is it straight ischemic damage though?
true
especially in brain capillary
no straight blcokage, like a stroke, action and recovery can lead to normal brain function, unlike a stroke
PfEMP1 is responsible for
ctyoadherence
Parasites modify the wall of the RBC, to display _______, which is an adherence ligand
PfEMP1
PfEMP1 binds to receptors on _______cells
epithelial cells
PfMP1 can switch to 60x variants, what does this mean for the immune response
Antibodies made for the initial adherence ligand will not be effective of the duration of the disease, will change
True or False
Some adherence ligands like sticking to ICAM1, CD36 or other molecules and the severity of disease is dependant on which variant of PfEMP1 is chosen
true
There are __ chromosomes in the malaria genome
14
with 60 different copies of PfEMP1
PfEMP1 gene variants are called
var genes
only 1 is expressed at a time
The clonal antigenic variation of PfEMP1 results in recrudescence, which is..
parasite persistence
