lecture 16 Flashcards
Kupfer cells are the entry point of malaria into
the liver
Malaria is a unicellular, ________ parasite
Phylum
Genus
_ species infect humans
Many other species infect animals
Malaria is a unicellular, eukaryotic parasite
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Genus: Plasmodium
4species infect humans
Many other species infect animals
People with the heterozygous gene for sickle cell anaemia are ____ to malaria
resistant
Malaria has a strong selective force
The cell of malaria is polar or non-polar?
polar
True or False
The apical complex helps malaria to live inside cells
True
The life cycle begins in the _______
end in the ___
Mosquito
ends in the blood
As malaria grows it eats the ______
Haemoglobin
The iron based haem is toxic so it crystalises in the malaria cell - which is used as a…
diagnostic tool
The 3 stages of Malaria are:
- Mosquito stage - sexual reproduction
- The definitive host (thats where sex happens) - Liver stage - asexual reproduction
- few parasites get to the liver
- released as merizootes - Blood -stage - asexual reproduction, major amplification stage
- 1000 initial cells–> 10^11
- 10^13 total RBCs
True or False
there are clinical syndromes relating to the malaria cell infecting liver cells
False - the numbers are too low
Sexual stage in the female Anopheles mosquito lasts how long usually?
1-2 weeks
Injected sporozoites enter ________ via the skin
Hepatocytes
Asexual liver stage last…
1-2 weeks
Asexual blood stage is relatively synchonous and takes ____ days
2-3 days
depending on the species of malaria
Disease occurs a week to a months after ______
infection
has to go through all the stages
________ form in the blood and are taken up by a feeding mosquito
Gametocytes
There are >_____ proteins that make up a malaria parasite
There are >5000 proteins that make up a malaria parasite
Most of the Malaria deaths are caused by which species?
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax also results in significant ____ but low ______
Plasmodium vivax also results in signifcant morbidity but low mortality
Returning soldier usually get infection with which species?
why?
Plasmodium vivax
It has a latent form in the liver - called a Hypnozoites
Spleen checks the blood cells every now and then…
Therefore what is cytoadherence/sequestration and how does it help Malaria cells
A mechanism used to hang onto blood vessel walls - generally small capillary or post-capillary walls
for dear life - so it doesn’t make it to the spleen
True or False
Cytoadherence is a cause of most death in malaria patients
Is it straight ischemic damage though?
true
especially in brain capillary
no straight blcokage, like a stroke, action and recovery can lead to normal brain function, unlike a stroke
PfEMP1 is responsible for
ctyoadherence
Parasites modify the wall of the RBC, to display _______, which is an adherence ligand
PfEMP1
