Lecture 10 Flashcards
The lung bud appears at day __-__
It begins as a ___ outpouching of the primitive foregut
it is of ______ origin
The lung bud appears at day 26-28
It begins as a ventral outpouching of the primitive foregut
it is of endodermal origin
The second stage of lung development is _________
weeks _-_
afterward there are __generations of airways
The second stage of lung development is Pseudoglandular
weeks 6-16
afterward there are 16 generations of airways
The Canalicular stage (3rd) is of weeks __-__
____ (gas exchange region) starts to develop
The Canalicular stage (3rd) is of weeks 16-26
Acinar (gas exchange region) starts to develop
_____ Trimester: Alveolar stage
Sacules form into the alveolar ducts and alveoli
Sacules become __ ______, and separate further
Third Trimester: Alveolar stage
Sacules form into the alveolar ducts and alveoli
Sacules become thin walled
There are physical and cellular defence mechanisms of the lung, some examples are:
Phydivsl
shape
reflexes (sneeze, cough)
mucociliary escalator
Cellular
Phagocytes
immunological
Mucociliary escalator
Airway _____ liquid (ASL) has 2 layers
_____ layer
______ layer
- mucous produced by secretory cells (incl. _____ cells)
- Mucus propelled by ____ (Beat 12-15 times per second, 1mm per/min)
Mucociliary escalator
Airway surface liquid (ASL) has 2 layers
periciliary layer
Mucous layer
- mucous produced by secretory cells (incl. Goblet cells)
- Mucus propelled by cilia (Beat 12-15 times per second, 1mm per/min)
What is within the acinus
If you breath all the air out - thats your ______ volume
residual
___ (forced expiratory volume) is after 1 second
FVC is ___fored expiration
FEV (forced xpiratory volume) is after 1 second
FVC is total fored expiration
Pulmnary disease in CF is a significant amount of M&M
what are some of the pulmonary exacerbations?
Increased cough & sputum production
- Increased dyspnoea
- Lethargy/poor appetite
- Reduced lung function
ENaC - regulated movement of Na, in and out of a cell
ENaC - regulated movement of __ , in and out of a cell
WIth CF you lose the inhibition of eNaC - leading to ______ absorption of Na (and hence water)
Increased absorption
With more ASL being moved into the cells - the mucus plaque on the surface epithelium becomes a hindrance to the beating of the _____ as there is an absence of _______
With more ASL being moved into the cells - the mucus plaque on the surface epithelium becomes a hindrance to the beating of the cilia as there is an absence of lubrication
Increased oxygen consumption by CF epithelia can lead to an increasily ________ environment
which is ideal for…
Increased oxygen consumption by CF epithelia can lead to an increasily anaerobic environment
which is ideal for growth of certain bacteria
CFTR also regulates gluthanione and theiocyanate concentration in the fluid of the epithelial lining
- gluthanione deficiencies in ASL may contribute to…..
lung inflammation and oxidative stress
CFTR results in exagerrated mostly ______ inflammation
neutrophilic inflammation
True or False
Due to Neutrophilic inflammation, antiptotease defences in the airways are overwhelmed by the protease burden in the lung
true
The overwhelmed anitprotease defences are a direct result of CF
True or False
CF arways are exposed to oxygen radicals derived from environmental oxygen and bacterial products and also from the host immune response
True
There is an incerased cellular response to inflammatory triggers
what is the possible cause of this?
dysregulated activitiy of transcription factors
Accumulation of abnormally foled CFTR in ER results in unfolded protein responses that trigger…
Accumulation of abnormally foled CFTR in ER results in unfolded protein responses that trigger cell stress and apopotosis
What are the ways in which exrtacellular stimuli can lead a CF cell to apoptosis?
True or False
CFTR helps engulf pseudomonas into the cell and kill it
true
True or False
Haemophilis influenzae is a common Pathogen in respiratory systems,
True
true ot false
the majority of morbidity of CF is due to lung disease
True
