Lecture 15

Question 1

BAT 24 coitally-related gell use is an example of a …

Answer 1

microbicide

Question 2

PREP stands for

Answer 2

Pre-exposure prophhylaxis

Give daily antivirals

Highly effective in preventing transmission in monkey models

Question 3

ART reduces HIV transmission by _% in HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples

Answer 3

96%

Question 4

The berlin patient recieved a bone marrow transplant from someone with naturally resistant to HIV infection

The mississippi Baby…

Answer 4

had very early treatment, 30 hours post delivery (2 years off ART)

Question 5

Where is the virus hiding in people with a undetetible/low level? (barriers to cure)

Answer 5

Latently infected T cells

residual viral replication

Anatomical reservoirs

Question 6

residual viral replication involves..

Answer 6

ongoing rounds of replication, of which ART blocks some but not all - 1/3 of patients will have this

Question 7

What are some examples of anatomical reserviours?

Answer 7

Brain

Lymphoid tissue

Urinary tract

GIT

have latently infected cells in these areas

Question 8

Strategies for getting a cure?

Answer 8

eliminate latently infeced cells

make cells “resistant” to HIV

Eliminate residual virus replication

Enhance T cell immunity

Question 9

If latent cells are activated, they will die by a process called..

Answer 9

shock and kill

Question 10

what do HDACi inhibitors inhibit?

Answer 10

Histone deacetylases so that aceylation of the relevant histones occurs and transcriptions of many host genes including HIV

Question 11

What are some ways of making cells resistant to HIV: gene therapy

Answer 11

Block the action of an HIV protein
- RNA interference

Express an anti-viral factor
- Mutant APOBEC 3G

Eliminate integrated HIV
- LTR

remove an essential host protein
- CCR5

Question 12

How do you eliminate CCR5 expression or eliminate HIV?

Answer 12

Nucleases chop up DNA

causes double stranded break

Currently only able to target ~20% of T cells

Question 13

Numbers of new HIV infections globally are decreasing but __ million currently infected

Answer 13

Numbers of new HIV infections globally are decreasing but 33 million currently infected

Question 14

natural mutations in ___ can protect from infection and have an effect on disease progression

Answer 14

natural mutations in CCR5 can protect from infection and have an effect on disease progression

Question 15

CD4 loss is the hallmark of HIV infection but HIV causes multiple other immunological abnormalities including immune ______

Answer 15

CD4 loss is the hallmark of HIV infection but HIV causes multiple other immunological abnormalities including immune activation