Lecture 16 - 20 overview

Question 1

Adhesion of neutrophils - how do we get selectins and integrins workign together

Answer 1

• neutrophils will attatch to selectins and roll down (weak binding)
• Then this will trigger integrin expression, and get stronger bindign
• then will migrate in-between cells

Question 2

What is signal 2 for an antigen presenting cell

Answer 2

ICAM 3 - on APC, matches with LFA -1 on t helper cell

Also needs B7 molecules

• pamps - danger signals, will get apc cell to increase amount of b7 on membrane
• b7 molecule will match CD28 on T helper cell and then give signal to go on to become activated

Question 3

B cell activation

Answer 3

For b cells to become activated they need help from T helper cells

• B cells take up antigen, process this and put on MHC2
• If get CD40 on b cell match with CD40-L on t cell, then will go on to upregulate B7 in b cell
• then if cd28 matches to b7 - then will get cytokines produced from t helper cell
• this will activate B cell

Question 4

interleukin

Answer 4

interleukin - between leykocytes

Question 5

Interferons IFNa, b, y (innate)

Answer 5

• released from virally infected cells
• 1. get other cells around to transcribe genes to make proteins that will protect them from the viral infection
     
     2. will stimulate NK cells

Question 6

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a

innate cytokines

Answer 6

pro inflammatory cytokines

• go on to help with wound and tissue repair,
• fibroblast proliferation
• bone resorption
• prostaglandin and collagenase synthesis
• neuroendocrine effects

Question 7

Adaptive cytokines

Answer 7

will activate adaptive immune system e.g activate t and b cells

• NK cells
• also help switching classes

Question 8

what happens to a baby without tonsils

Answer 8

• tonsils are a secondary lymph organ
• b cells go here
• so will have less b cells, and less antibody made
• more likeley to have infections
• can supplement baby with these

Question 9

How does anti-body dependent cellular cytotoxocity work?

Answer 9

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (antibody can link the large granular leukocyte to tumour cell, and then get granules released to destroy)

Question 10

Classical activation of complement pathway

Answer 10

• Antibody binds to bacteria - this activates early compontents of complement to come togehter and form an enzymes
• this will cleave C3 into toher componenets
• results in increase blood vessel permeability
• increase phagoxytosis, opsonisaiton
• chemoxtaxis
• MAC

Question 11

Main functions of antibodies

Answer 11

• phagocytosis
• opsonisation
• neutralisation
• agglutination
• antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• activates complement cascade

Question 12

what are some common Respiratory infections

Answer 12

Sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia

-can get into sinuses of head and middle ear - common site for viral infeciton