lecture 16 Flashcards
what dominates in the fed state
insulin
what does insulin provoke
more glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, and protein synthesis
what does glucagon provoke
more glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and ketogenesis
what is released after high blood glucose level
insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas
what does insulin lead to
metabolic energy, glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis
“a” in enzyme terminology
form of the enzyme that is active and independent
“b” in enzyme terminology
form of the enzyme that tends to be inactive
what version of glycogen synthase does protein phosphatase-1 dephosphorylate
glycogen synthase b
what version of glycogen phosphorylase does protein phosphatase-1 dephosphorylate (via phosphorylase kinase)
glycogen phosphorylase a
does protein phosphatase-1 activate or deactivate phosphorylase kinase
deactivate
where is glycogen primarily stored
liver and muscle
what cells have the highest concentration of glycogen
hepatocytes
total amount of glycogen in _____ exceeds the ____
muscle, liver
glycogenin
enzyme that catalyzes attachment of a glucose molecule to a tyrosine residue
1st step of glycogen synthesis
glucose - hexokinase - glucose-6phosphate
2nd step of glycogen synthesis
glucose 6 phosphate - phosphoglucomutase -> glucose-1 phosphate
3rd step of glycogen synthesis
glucose-1-phosphate - uridylyltransferase -> UDP glucose
4th step of glycogen synthesis
udp glucose - glycogen synhase -> glycogen + 1 glucose
what cells release glucagon
alpha cells of the pancreas
what organ breaks down glycogen
liver
what does glucagon stimulate
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
ketogenesis
what do glucagon and epi trigger and lead to the shutting down of
cAMP synthesis, glycogen synthesis
what does epinephrine and glucagon activate
cAMP
what does cAMP actiavte
protein kinase A
