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Functional Anatomy > Lecture 16 & 17 - Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Lecture 16 & 17 - Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

name all 7 tarsal bones

A

bones that form the ankle and proximal foot

Calcaneus

  • > largest; forms heal

Talus

  • > superior most; weight bearing; articulates with tibia and fibula

Navicular

Cuneiforms (3)

  • > medial intermediate and lateral

Cuboid

The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns

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2
Q

parts of the talus

A
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3
Q

parts of the calcaneus

A
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4
Q

metatarsals and phalanges

A
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5
Q

talocrural joint

A

ANKLE JOINT

diarthrotic hinge joint between the distal ends of tibia and fibula and talus

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6
Q

important ligaments of the ankle joint

A
  • > deltoid lig (medial colateral)
  • > lateral lig
  • > ant and post tibiofibular ligs
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7
Q

deltoid ligament

A

aka medial colateral ligament

large, strong, ligament that attaches to the medial malleolus proximally and fans out to attached to the talus, calcaneus and navicular via four bands

  • >
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8
Q

lateral ligament of the ankle joint

A

comprised of the calcaneofibular, and ant and posterior talofibular ligaments

  • > when we sprain the ankle, we stretch/tear these ligaments
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9
Q

Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

A
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10
Q

talocrural joint

A

ANKLE JOINT

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11
Q

movements of talocrural joint

A

Dorsiflexion

  • > ~20%

Plantar flexion

  • > ~50%
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12
Q

characteristics of metatarsals

A
  • > 4 bones in sole of foot
  • > identified by Roman numerals I-V from medial to lateral

Articulations

  • > proximally with tarsals
  • > distally with phalanges
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13
Q

phalanges (foot)

A

14 bones per foot

  • > 3 phalanges per toes 2-5
  • > great toe (hallux) only 2; distal and proximal
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14
Q

bones of the foot

A
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15
Q

list all joints of the foot

A
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16
Q

subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A
  • > synovial plane joint
  • > primary site of inversion and eversion, NOT involved in PF/DF
  • > anatomically consists of 2 joints
  • ant talocalcaneal and post calcaneal*
  • > functionally, these two joints work together
  • > works at an oblique orientation to the ankle joint
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17
Q

talocalcaneonavicular joint

A
  • > often functionally and clinically included as a portion of the subtalar joint, as it actions are couples
  • > allows for eversion/inversion in conjunction with the subtalar joint
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18
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

2 portions

  • > talonavicular portion of the talocalcaneonavicular joint
  • > calcaneocuboid joint

allows for rotation around the longitudinal axis of the foot, contributing to eversion/inversion

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19
Q

tarsometatarsal joints

A

fairly rigid connections between tarsals and metatarsals (similar to CMC joints in wrist)

  • > allows SOME glinding and sliding (plane joint
  • know the tarsal bone the digit articulates with*
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20
Q

metatarsophalangeal joints

A
  • > condyloid joint between prox phalanx of toes and the head of the metatarsals
  • > allows flexion and extension of toes; and abd/adduction
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21
Q

sesamoid bones of the hallux

A
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22
Q

interphalangeal joints

A
  • > synovial hinge joint
  • > allows for flexion and extension of toes
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23
Q

plantar fascia

A

same features of the palm of your hand

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24
Q

major ligaments of the foot

A

Long plantar ligament

plantar calcaneonavicular lig

plantar calcaneoucuboid ligament

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25
long plantar ligament
- \> connects the plantar surface of calcaneus to the groove of the cuboid, with some fibres extending to the metatarsal bases - \> important in maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot - \> forms a tunnel for tendons of fib. longus
26
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
- \> commonly known as the “spring ligament” - \> also provides support to the head of the talus - \> key role in wight transfer and supporting longitudinal arch (med) of the foot
27
plantar calcaneoucuboid (short plantar) ligament
- \> also helps support the longitudinal (med) arch of the foot
28
3 major foot arches; where are they
Medial - \> from heel to hallux; highest arch Lateral - \> from heel to 5th toe; lowest arch Transverse - \> perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals
29
what is the purpose of the arches of the foot
1. to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels 2. allow for shock absorption 3. allows for distribution of forces over the plantar surface of the foot - \> feet do not rest completely flat on the ground
30
what passive and active mechanisms support the arches of the foot?
**Passive mechanisms** - \> plantar aponeurosis - \> long plantar lig - \> short plantar lig - \> spring lig **Active mechanisms** - \> reflective bracing of intrinsic foot muscles - \> active and tonic contractions of muscles with long tendons going into the foot
31
when does the foot supinate and pronate
32
how can flat feet affect your body/gain
33
which muscles contribute to plantar flexion
- \> plantaris - \> gastrocnemius - \> soleus
34
muscles that contribute to dorsiflexion
- \> tibialis anterior - \> fibularis tertius * - \> extensor hallicus longus*
35
OIIA of gasttrocnemius
**Origin** - \> lateral head: lat aspect of the lateral condyle of femur - \> medial head: popliteal surface of the femur, superior to medial condyle **Insert** - \> post surface of the calcaneus via calcaneal tendon **Innervation** - \> tibial nerve **Action** - \> plantar flexes the ankle when the knee is extended, raises heel during walking; flexes foot
36
OIIA of soleus
**Origin** - \> post aspect of the head of the fibula and sup ¼ of the post surface of the fibulal soleal line and middle ⅓ of the medial border of the tibia **Insertion** - \> post surface of the calcaneal via the calcaneal tendon **Innervation** - \> tibial nerve **Action** - \> plantar flexes the angle, regardless of knee position
37
OIIA of plantaris
**Origin** - \> inf end of the lateral supracondylar line of the femur, oblique popliteal lig **Insert** - \> post surface of the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon **Nerve** - \> tibial nerve **Action** - \> basically useless
38
OIIA of Tibialis anterior
**Origin** - \> lateral condylar and superior ½ of the lateral surface of the tibia and interosseous membran **Insert** - \> medial and inferior surfaces of the medial cuneiform **Nerve** - \> deep fibular nerves **Action** - \> dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
39
evertors of the foot
- \> fibularis longus - \> fibularis brevis
40
inverters of the foot
- \> tibialis posterior - \> tibialis anterior
41
OIIA of fibularis tertius
**Origin** - \> infer ⅓ of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane **Insert** - \> dorsum of the base of the 5th metatarsal **Nerve** - \> deep fibular nerve **Action** - \> dorsiflexes ankle and assists in eversion of the foot
42
OIIA of fibularis (peroneus) longus
**Origin** - \> head and superior 2/4 of the lateral surface of the fibula **Insert** - \> Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform **Nerve** - \> superficial fibular nerve **Action** - \> everts foot and weakly plantar flexes the ankle
43
OIIA of fibularis (peroneus) longus
**Origin** - \> head and superior 2/4 of the lateral surface of the fibula **Insert** - \> Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform **Nerve** - \> superficial fibular nerve **Action** - \> everts foot and weakly plantar flexes the ankle
44
OIIA of fibularis brevis
**Origin** - \> inferior ⅔ of the lateral surface of the fibula **Insert** - \> dorsal surface of the tuberosity on the lateral side of the base of the 5th metatarsal **Innervation** - \> superficial fibular nerve **Action** - \> everts foot and weakly plantarflexes the ankle
45
describe the insertion point for the fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendons
46
OIIA of tibialis posterior
**Origin** - \> interosseous membrane; post surface of the tibia inferior to the soleal line; post surface of the fibula **Insert** - \> tuberosity of the navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and calcaneus bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal **Nerve** - \> tibial nerve **Action** - \> plantar flexes and inverts the foot
47
extrinsic toe flexors
- \> flexor digitorum longus - \> flexor hallicus longus
48
Intrinsic toe flexors
- \> flexor digitum brevis - \> quadrates plantae (assists) - \> flexor hallucis brevis - \> flexor digiti minimi brevis
49
OIIA of flexor digitorum longus
**Origin** - \> medial part of the posterior surface of the tibia inferior to the soleal line **Insert** - \> splits into 4 slips which insert onto the base of the distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digets **Innervation** - \> tibial nerve **Action** - \> fleses toes, weakly PF ankle, and supports longitudinal arches of the foot
50
OIIA of flexor hallucis longus
Origin - \> inferior ⅔ of the posterior surface of the fibula Insert - \> base of the distal phalanx of the great toe Innervation - \> tibial nerve Action - \> fleses big toe, weakly PF ankle, and supports medial longitudinal arch of the foot
51
extrinsic toe extensors
- \> extensor hallicus longus - \> extensor digitorum longus
52
Intrinsic toe extensors
- \> extensor hallicus brevis - \> extensor digitorum brevis
53
OIIA of extensor hallucis longus
**Origin** - \> middle part of the ant part of the fibula and interosseous membrane **Insert** - \> dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallux) **Innervation** - \> deep fibular nerve **Action** - \> extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
54
OIIA of extensor digitorum longus
**Origin** - \> lateral condyle of the tibia and superior ¾ of the medial surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane **Insert** - \> middle and distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digits (non-big toes) **Nerve** - \> deep fibular nerve **Action** - \> extends the lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes ankle joint
55
toe aBDuctors
- \> dorsal interossei (4 muscles) - \> abductor hallucis - \> abductor digiti minimi
56
toe ADDuctors
- \> plantar interossei - \> adductor hallucis
57
of total intrinsic foot muscles
**18 on the plantar aspect of the foot (4 layers)** - \> although 4 are kind of in between the plantar and dorsal aspects **2 on the dorsal aspect**
58
muscles in the 1st layer of the loot
- \> abductor digiti minimi - \> abductor hallucis - \> flexor digitorum brevis
59
muscles in the 2nd layer of the foot
- \> lumbricals 1-4 - \> quadratus plantae - \> flexor digitorum longus tendon - \> flexor hallucis longus tendon
60
muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot
- \> flexor hallucis brevis - \> flexor digiti minimi brevis - \> adductor hallucis
61
muscles in the 4th layer of the foot
- \> plantar interossei (3) - \> dorsal interossei (4)
62
primary role of the muscles in the foot
**support and maintain the arches** - \> despite all of their functions (flex/ext) it's not the primary role
63
terminal branches of the tibial nerve
- \> medial and lateral plantar nerves
64
how do fractures of the tibia and fibula effect the ankle joint
tends to happen in an extreme scenario that would've normally sprained an ankle
65
hallux valgus vs hallux varus
**Hallux Valgus** - \> bunion (toe poins in) **Hallux varus** - \> toes point out

Functional Anatomy (14 decks)

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