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Functional Anatomy > Lecture 16 & 17 - Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Lecture 16 & 17 - Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

name all 7 tarsal bones

A

bones that form the ankle and proximal foot

Calcaneus

  • > largest; forms heal

Talus

  • > superior most; weight bearing; articulates with tibia and fibula

Navicular

Cuneiforms (3)

  • > medial intermediate and lateral

Cuboid

The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns

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2
Q

parts of the talus

A
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3
Q

parts of the calcaneus

A
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4
Q

metatarsals and phalanges

A
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5
Q

talocrural joint

A

ANKLE JOINT

diarthrotic hinge joint between the distal ends of tibia and fibula and talus

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6
Q

important ligaments of the ankle joint

A
  • > deltoid lig (medial colateral)
  • > lateral lig
  • > ant and post tibiofibular ligs
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7
Q

deltoid ligament

A

aka medial colateral ligament

large, strong, ligament that attaches to the medial malleolus proximally and fans out to attached to the talus, calcaneus and navicular via four bands

  • >
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8
Q

lateral ligament of the ankle joint

A

comprised of the calcaneofibular, and ant and posterior talofibular ligaments

  • > when we sprain the ankle, we stretch/tear these ligaments
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9
Q

Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

A
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10
Q

talocrural joint

A

ANKLE JOINT

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11
Q

movements of talocrural joint

A

Dorsiflexion

  • > ~20%

Plantar flexion

  • > ~50%
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12
Q

characteristics of metatarsals

A
  • > 4 bones in sole of foot
  • > identified by Roman numerals I-V from medial to lateral

Articulations

  • > proximally with tarsals
  • > distally with phalanges
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13
Q

phalanges (foot)

A

14 bones per foot

  • > 3 phalanges per toes 2-5
  • > great toe (hallux) only 2; distal and proximal
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14
Q

bones of the foot

A
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15
Q

list all joints of the foot

A
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16
Q

subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A
  • > synovial plane joint
  • > primary site of inversion and eversion, NOT involved in PF/DF
  • > anatomically consists of 2 joints
  • ant talocalcaneal and post calcaneal*
  • > functionally, these two joints work together
  • > works at an oblique orientation to the ankle joint
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17
Q

talocalcaneonavicular joint

A
  • > often functionally and clinically included as a portion of the subtalar joint, as it actions are couples
  • > allows for eversion/inversion in conjunction with the subtalar joint
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18
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

2 portions

  • > talonavicular portion of the talocalcaneonavicular joint
  • > calcaneocuboid joint

allows for rotation around the longitudinal axis of the foot, contributing to eversion/inversion

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19
Q

tarsometatarsal joints

A

fairly rigid connections between tarsals and metatarsals (similar to CMC joints in wrist)

  • > allows SOME glinding and sliding (plane joint
  • know the tarsal bone the digit articulates with*
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20
Q

metatarsophalangeal joints

A
  • > condyloid joint between prox phalanx of toes and the head of the metatarsals
  • > allows flexion and extension of toes; and abd/adduction
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21
Q

sesamoid bones of the hallux

A
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22
Q

interphalangeal joints

A
  • > synovial hinge joint
  • > allows for flexion and extension of toes
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23
Q

plantar fascia

A

same features of the palm of your hand

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24
Q

major ligaments of the foot

A

Long plantar ligament

plantar calcaneonavicular lig

plantar calcaneoucuboid ligament

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25
Q

long plantar ligament

A
  • > connects the plantar surface of calcaneus to the groove of the cuboid, with some fibres extending to the metatarsal bases
  • > important in maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot
  • > forms a tunnel for tendons of fib. longus
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26
Q

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

A
  • > commonly known as the “spring ligament”
  • > also provides support to the head of the talus
  • > key role in wight transfer and supporting longitudinal arch (med) of the foot
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27
Q

plantar calcaneoucuboid (short plantar) ligament

A
  • > also helps support the longitudinal (med) arch of the foot
28
Q

3 major foot arches; where are they

A

Medial

  • > from heel to hallux; highest arch

Lateral

  • > from heel to 5th toe; lowest arch

Transverse

  • > perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals
29
Q

what is the purpose of the arches of the foot

A
  1. to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
  2. allow for shock absorption
  3. allows for distribution of forces over the plantar surface of the foot
  • > feet do not rest completely flat on the ground
30
Q

what passive and active mechanisms support the arches of the foot?

A

Passive mechanisms

  • > plantar aponeurosis
  • > long plantar lig
  • > short plantar lig
  • > spring lig

Active mechanisms

  • > reflective bracing of intrinsic foot muscles
  • > active and tonic contractions of muscles with long tendons going into the foot
31
Q

when does the foot supinate and pronate

32
Q

how can flat feet affect your body/gain

33
Q

which muscles contribute to plantar flexion

A
  • > plantaris
  • > gastrocnemius
  • > soleus
34
Q

muscles that contribute to dorsiflexion

A
  • > tibialis anterior
  • > fibularis tertius
    • > extensor hallicus longus*
35
Q

OIIA of gasttrocnemius

A

Origin

  • > lateral head: lat aspect of the lateral condyle of femur
  • > medial head: popliteal surface of the femur, superior to medial condyle

Insert

  • > post surface of the calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Innervation

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > plantar flexes the ankle when the knee is extended, raises heel during walking; flexes foot
36
Q

OIIA of soleus

A

Origin

  • > post aspect of the head of the fibula and sup ¼ of the post surface of the fibulal soleal line and middle ⅓ of the medial border of the tibia

Insertion

  • > post surface of the calcaneal via the calcaneal tendon

Innervation

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > plantar flexes the angle, regardless of knee position
37
Q

OIIA of plantaris

A

Origin

  • > inf end of the lateral supracondylar line of the femur, oblique popliteal lig

Insert

  • > post surface of the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

Nerve

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > basically useless
38
Q

OIIA of Tibialis anterior

A

Origin

  • > lateral condylar and superior ½ of the lateral surface of the tibia and interosseous membran

Insert

  • > medial and inferior surfaces of the medial cuneiform

Nerve

  • > deep fibular nerves

Action

  • > dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
39
Q

evertors of the foot

A
  • > fibularis longus
  • > fibularis brevis
40
Q

inverters of the foot

A
  • > tibialis posterior
  • > tibialis anterior
41
Q

OIIA of fibularis tertius

A

Origin

  • > infer ⅓ of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insert

  • > dorsum of the base of the 5th metatarsal

Nerve

  • > deep fibular nerve

Action

  • > dorsiflexes ankle and assists in eversion of the foot
42
Q

OIIA of fibularis (peroneus) longus

A

Origin

  • > head and superior 2/4 of the lateral surface of the fibula

Insert

  • > Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Nerve

  • > superficial fibular nerve

Action

  • > everts foot and weakly plantar flexes the ankle
43
Q

OIIA of fibularis (peroneus) longus

A

Origin

  • > head and superior 2/4 of the lateral surface of the fibula

Insert

  • > Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Nerve

  • > superficial fibular nerve

Action

  • > everts foot and weakly plantar flexes the ankle
44
Q

OIIA of fibularis brevis

A

Origin

  • > inferior ⅔ of the lateral surface of the fibula

Insert

  • > dorsal surface of the tuberosity on the lateral side of the base of the 5th metatarsal

Innervation

  • > superficial fibular nerve

Action

  • > everts foot and weakly plantarflexes the ankle
45
Q

describe the insertion point for the fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendons

46
Q

OIIA of tibialis posterior

A

Origin

  • > interosseous membrane; post surface of the tibia inferior to the soleal line; post surface of the fibula

Insert

  • > tuberosity of the navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and calcaneus bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal

Nerve

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > plantar flexes and inverts the foot
47
Q

extrinsic toe flexors

A
  • > flexor digitorum longus
  • > flexor hallicus longus
48
Q

Intrinsic toe flexors

A
  • > flexor digitum brevis
  • > quadrates plantae (assists)
  • > flexor hallucis brevis
  • > flexor digiti minimi brevis
49
Q

OIIA of flexor digitorum longus

A

Origin

  • > medial part of the posterior surface of the tibia inferior to the soleal line

Insert

  • > splits into 4 slips which insert onto the base of the distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digets

Innervation

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > fleses toes, weakly PF ankle, and supports longitudinal arches of the foot
50
Q

OIIA of flexor hallucis longus

A

Origin

  • > inferior ⅔ of the posterior surface of the fibula

Insert

  • > base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

Innervation

  • > tibial nerve

Action

  • > fleses big toe, weakly PF ankle, and supports medial longitudinal arch of the foot
51
Q

extrinsic toe extensors

A
  • > extensor hallicus longus
  • > extensor digitorum longus
52
Q

Intrinsic toe extensors

A
  • > extensor hallicus brevis
  • > extensor digitorum brevis
53
Q

OIIA of extensor hallucis longus

A

Origin

  • > middle part of the ant part of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insert

  • > dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallux)

Innervation

  • > deep fibular nerve

Action

  • > extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
54
Q

OIIA of extensor digitorum longus

A

Origin

  • > lateral condyle of the tibia and superior ¾ of the medial surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane

Insert

  • > middle and distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digits (non-big toes)

Nerve

  • > deep fibular nerve

Action

  • > extends the lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes ankle joint
55
Q

toe aBDuctors

A
  • > dorsal interossei (4 muscles)
  • > abductor hallucis
  • > abductor digiti minimi
56
Q

toe ADDuctors

A
  • > plantar interossei
  • > adductor hallucis
57
Q

of total intrinsic foot muscles

A

18 on the plantar aspect of the foot (4 layers)

  • > although 4 are kind of in between the plantar and dorsal aspects

2 on the dorsal aspect

58
Q

muscles in the 1st layer of the loot

A
  • > abductor digiti minimi
  • > abductor hallucis
  • > flexor digitorum brevis
59
Q

muscles in the 2nd layer of the foot

A
  • > lumbricals 1-4
  • > quadratus plantae
  • > flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • > flexor hallucis longus tendon
60
Q

muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot

A
  • > flexor hallucis brevis
  • > flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • > adductor hallucis
61
Q

muscles in the 4th layer of the foot

A
  • > plantar interossei (3)
  • > dorsal interossei (4)
62
Q

primary role of the muscles in the foot

A

support and maintain the arches

  • > despite all of their functions (flex/ext) it’s not the primary role
63
Q

terminal branches of the tibial nerve

A
  • > medial and lateral plantar nerves
64
Q

how do fractures of the tibia and fibula effect the ankle joint

A

tends to happen in an extreme scenario that would’ve normally sprained an ankle

65
Q

hallux valgus vs hallux varus

A

Hallux Valgus

  • > bunion (toe poins in)

Hallux varus

  • > toes point out

Functional Anatomy (14 decks)

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