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CMD Block 2 > Lecture 15: Vaccination > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

From where was the first smallpox vaccine derived?

A

Dried pustules collected from individuals with mild cases were used to scratch the vaccine recipient to induce a small infection (that killed you 1% (?) of the time)

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2
Q

Why did Jenner’s cowpox vaccine work against smallpox?

A

Common surface antigens

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3
Q

Describe how a cowpox vaccine protects from smallpox.

A

Antibodies are developed against the surface antigens on cowpox; because some of the smallpox surface antigens are (luckily) the same as cowpox antigens, the produced antibodies bind/neutralize smallpox virus

It Is CROSS-REACTIVE

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4
Q

Why is it freaking scary that terrorists could use smallpox for biowarfare?

A

People under ~42 have not received immunizations

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5
Q

How does a killed subunit/toxoid vaccine protect?

A

Ab are produced against the deactivated toxin; if pathogen encountered, toxin neutralized by the produced antibody

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6
Q

Type of vaccine: diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis

A

Kill subunits and toxoids

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7
Q

Type of vaccine: polio

A

Whole killed virus

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8
Q

Type of vaccine: MMR

A

live attenuated virus

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9
Q

Type of vaccine: pneumococcal conjugate

A

heptavalent/diphtheria

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10
Q

Type of vaccine: Hoemophilus B conjugate

A

diphtheria protein conjugate

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11
Q

Type of vaccine: Hepatitis B

A

Subunit

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12
Q

Type of vaccine: Varicella (chickenpox)

A

Live attenuated

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13
Q

Type of vaccine: Rotavirus

A

Live attenuated

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14
Q

Type of vaccine: Influenza

A

Killed or live attenuated

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15
Q

Type of vaccine: Meningococcus C

A

Conjugated capsule subunit

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16
Q

Type of vaccine: HPV

A

Gardasil: virus like particle

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17
Q

What type of vaccine will elicit an APC/CD8 T cell response?

A

Attenuated live virus

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18
Q

Type of vaccine: TB

A

attenuated bovine mycobacterium tuberculosis

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19
Q

How does the TB vaccine work?

A

The attenuated mycobacterium elicits a TH1 and macrophage response necessary to contain infections via granulomas AND an Ab response

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20
Q

Why are attenuated vaccines risky?

A

If not perfect, they can induce infection

aka it can result in an “iatrogenic” disease

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21
Q

Why won’t the purified capsular polysaccharide require a carrier protein?

A

Protein is needed to activate effector T cells and to supply 2nd signal to polysaccharide B cells

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22
Q

What are some practical considerations for vaccines?

A

Cost, side effects, ease of administration, biological stability (ex: a vaccine that must be kept cold in the desert)

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23
Q

Important features of a good vaccine

A

Most important = protective, safety, long term

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24
Q

What immune cells/features are induced by a good vaccine?

A

Neutralizing Ab and protective T cells

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25
Q

Goal of vaccination

A

To trick the immune system to respond to the vaccine as if it were a pathogen

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26
Q

Why is the amount/route of exposure a difficult barrier for vaccination?

A

Providing a dose of vaccine that is similar to what would be physiologic

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27
Q

Dose threshold

A

Dose of antigen correlates with antibody response (for a primary response); too little does not elicit an Ab response, too much starts to show a decline in Ab response

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28
Q

Immune response to a low dose of antigen

A

No Ab response, too low antigen to be perceived as a thread

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29
Q

Immune response to an excessively high dose of antigen

A

Decreased Ab response, the body assumes the antigen could be from food so the immune system tolerates

30
Q

How does the secondary response to an immunization relate to the primary response?

A

High and low doses tolerize, but intermediate doses result in a large antibody response

31
Q

When administering a drug parenterally, you will get what response?

A

Systemic ONLY

32
Q

Most effective (common) vaccine route?

A

Subcutaneous (then IP>IM>IV)

33
Q

What would be a preferable vaccine: a mucosal route vaccine or a subcut vaccine?

A

Mucosal–mucosal AND systemic response

34
Q

What is the goal of a vaccine for an extracellular pathogen?

A

The substance will be endocytosed and presented on MHC II

35
Q

How does a vaccine bypass tolerance mechanisms of immune system?

A

Supplying “danger signals” or PAMPs -> upreg B7 (need B7 to elicit T cell response)

36
Q

What is upregulated as a result of provided Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns?

A

B7 (macrophages and dendritic cells)

37
Q

What is the result of an absent co-stimulation signal to T cells?

A

Tolerance, T cell anergy (no future protection from vaccine)

38
Q

What happens if a T cell receives only signaling through its CD28?

A

Nada

39
Q

T/F: An immune response to any parts of a pathogen ensure protective immunity.

A

F (requires PROTECTIVE determinants)

40
Q

What are the two broad classifications of vaccines?

A

Whole pathogen and subunit

41
Q

Co-administered substance that enhances the adaptive immune response to a vaccine’s immunogen

A

Adjuvant

42
Q

Why is Freund’s used in animal models?

A

Too toxic for humans

43
Q

How does alum work?

A

Delays release of antigen and enhances uptake by macrophages

44
Q

Lipid micelle (liposome) that delivers antigen to cytosol, inducing CTL’s

A

ISCOMs

45
Q

Why is a slow-release “paste” injected?

A

The paste/depot releases/metabolizes slowly so the antigen exposure is continuous, allowing better macrophage uptake

46
Q

What is the function of dead pathogen in Freund’s complete or alum?

A

Serves as a ligand for PRR, thus upregulating B7

47
Q

Why is only Freud’s incomplete used after the primary vaccination?

A

Large inflammatory T cell response ad ulceration will occur site of injection if the mycobacterium is readministered

48
Q

Adjuvant used if a CD8 response is needed

A

ISCOMs

49
Q

Liposome is a stable _____ vesicle comprised of ______ of phospholipids.

A

closed, single bilayer

50
Q

How does a liposome containing antigen function in immunity?

A

Liposome dumps its contents into cytoplasm; the antigen is then broken down by proteosomes and presented on MHC I

51
Q

What type of antigen must a liposome contain?

A

Peptide

52
Q

Type of adjuvants that induce mucosal responses

A

Bacterial toxins

53
Q

What is the downside to the adjuvants used to induce mucosal responses?

A

They are inherently toxic, and we’ve been unable to separate the toxicity from the adjuvanticity

54
Q

Attenuated pathogen will ____ but will not _____ within the host

A

grow; cause infection

55
Q

Attenuated viruses are more effective because (compared to physiologic conditions)

A

Antigen is in the appropriate location and there is an appropriate amount (which produces cytokine signaling)

56
Q

What is “wrong” with using a dead pathogen?

A

It is hard to mimic a natural infection (especially cytokines)

57
Q

Explain how an attenuated virus (for human use) is developed.

A

Using recombinant DNA, the virulence gene is either mutated or deleted; yields an avirulent virus and a good vaccine if the protective determinant is intact

Develop in another organism, no longer suited for human

58
Q

The exchange of pieces of a segmented genome

A

antigenic shift

59
Q

High mutation rate, yielding immunologically distinct serotypes

A

antigenic drift

60
Q

What feature of the flu and rotavirus allow neutralization via antibodies?

A

their envelope glycoproteins

61
Q

Attenuated human rotavirus, expresses VP4 and VP7

A

rotarix

62
Q

Mixture of rotavirus strains that are noninfectious to humans but have been engineered to express common human variants of VP4 and VP7

A

rotateq

63
Q

DNA vaccine

A

Recombinant plasma DNA that encodes structural proteins is administered either IM or intranasally; cells uptake DNA and transcrible/translate if promoter region works

64
Q

Exogenous administration of what cytokine induces a TH1 response?

A

IL12

65
Q

Cytokines can _____ and ______ the immune response

A

Increase, shape

66
Q

T/F: The amount of cytokine to produced is easily controllable, making this a realistic vaccine method.

A

False

67
Q

What are examples of mucosal adjuvants?

A

cholera toxin
heat labile E. coli toxin
pertussis toxin

68
Q

What is an iatrogenic disease?

A

disease caused by medical treatment (i.e. live attenuated virus that re-gains virulence)

69
Q

There are ___ known serotypes of Rotovirus, but ___ of them are responsible for 90% of morbidity/mortality. (diarrhea)

A

42; 5

70
Q

What is the significance of administering tumor cells that have been transfected with B7 molecules?

A

immune system will recognize similar tumor cells in the body as foreign and kill tumor the tumor. B7 is needed to prevent anergy

(as anti-cancer treatment… i assume…)

71
Q

Why is it important to have a vaccine elicit a mucosal response?

A

bc many pathogens gain access to the body via mucosal layers (GI, respiratory, UG)

CMD Block 2 (38 decks)

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