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SOCI 201 > Lecture 15-17 M2 > Flashcards

Lecture 15-17 M2 Flashcards

1
Q

What has research on Western societies found for social mobility? (4)

A
  • children gain/lose success because of family background
  • most vertical mobility is between occupations that are very similar
  • downward mobility is less common but still widespread
  • level of social mobility is low compared to ideal
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2
Q

What is the key to upward mobility?

A

Education

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3
Q

How do we know education is the key to upward mobility?

A
  • Many jobs require high school completion at minimum

- more jobs require higher education

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4
Q

Compared to Canadians with less education, what do University Graduates have?

A
  • hold a higher proportion of upper white collar jobs
  • less likely to be unemployed
  • less likely to remain unemployed if lose job
  • more likely to earn higher salaries
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5
Q

Why are lower socioeconomic people under represented in university?

A
  • income is a barrier
  • parental education is a strong influence
  • government policies on funding higher education
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6
Q

What would be a structural functional approach to stratification by class?

A
  • social inequality is an important role in society

- example is David-Moore hypothesis

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7
Q

What is the David-Moore hypothesis?

A
  • because stratification is in every society, it is a necessary part of society
  • unequal distribution of resources has beneficial consequences
  • jobs vary by importance to society and are rewarded based on that
  • people are motivated by the rewards
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8
Q

What are critiques of the David-Moore hypothesis?

A

-are the huge inequalities found really necessary?
Assumes:
-society is a meritocracy
-there is extensive social mobility

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9
Q

What is the social conflict approach to stratification by class?

A
  • stratification benefits some people at the expense of others
  • example is Marx view of capitalism
  • class based society in which minority exploits majority
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10
Q

Who introduced the term gender to sociology?

A

Ann Oakley in 1970s highlighted difference between sex and gender

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11
Q

What does gender refer to?

A

Nonbiological, culturally and socially produced distinctions between men and women

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12
Q

What does the study of gender draw attention to?

A

-socially constructed differences between men and women

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13
Q

What are the three types of gender social construction?

A
  1. Gender socialization
  2. Gender roles
  3. Gender stereotypes
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14
Q

What is gender socialization?

A

Socialization that contains messages about what it is to be a man and women in society

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15
Q

What are gender roles?

A
  • expected attitudes, behaviours and activities for men and women
  • learned through socialization
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16
Q

Are people’s interactions with babies structured based on their gender?

A

Yes, they are structured by social constructions of masculinity and femininity

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17
Q

How do family members perpetuate gender

A
  • see children in gender related ways

- encourage gender appropriate behaviour

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18
Q

When does gender role socialization begin?

A

At birth

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19
Q

What children’s thing have been studied that perpetuate gender

A

Literature and toys

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20
Q

Why have literature and toys been studied extensively for children

A
  • valuable insights into the process of socialization and inequality
  • messages about what is attainable or out of reach for girls and boys
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21
Q

What is the strategic illustration used for studying gender in toys and what did it tell us

A

Girls played with barbies and mrs potato head and we’re given career sheets. With the girls that played with Barbie dolls they said they could do less

22
Q

What is the dominant stereotype that fairy tales have

A

“some day my prince will come” and Cinderella complex

23
Q

What is the Cinderella complex and what is it’s unintended consequence

A
  • that the women will marry a man and live happily ever after
  • leads girls to devalue the pursuit of educational and other social opportunities
24
Q

What is a gender stereotype

A

Oversimplified ideas about the attitudes, behaviours and aspirations of men and women

25
Q

What beliefs do gender stereotypes perpetuate

A
  • men and women are inherently different
  • tasks to which either gender is naturally suited
  • traditional views and gender roles
26
Q

What is the example of brilliance=male

A
  • stereotypes that suggest we should associate brilliance with men
  • looked at kids aged 5,6,7 and read a book
27
Q

What does brilliance=male conclude

A
  • socialization of gender starts early
  • has an effect on children’s interest
  • possibly narrows the careers girls consider
28
Q

What is the bread winner ideology

A
  • a belief in a division of paid work for men and household responsibilities for women
  • separate spheres public and private
29
Q

What did researchers see in adult tv?

A
  • men still outnumber women

- over representation of women in professional careers

30
Q

What does labour market segmentation describe

A

The unequal distribution of women and men in the occupational structure

31
Q

How does inequality work in the labour force?

A

Persistent differences in pay, conditions of work and types of work

32
Q

What does the labour market segmentation identify for labor markets

A

It identifies two labor markets that exist in industrial societies

33
Q

What are the two labour markets

A

Primary labor market

Secondary labor market

34
Q

What is the primary labor market

A
  • work in large corporations, unionized industries and government agencies
  • workers get relatively high wages, good job security, good promotion possibilities and private pensions
35
Q

What is the secondary labour market

A
  • forms of employment that are unstable, job security and wages are low, few opportunities for promotion, working conditions are consistently poor, no private pensions and many jobs are part time
  • waitressing, sales work, cleaning, child care and many other service jobs
36
Q

Which labour market are women’s employment opportunities concentrated in?

A

Secondary labour market

37
Q

What is the pink-collar ghetto?

A
  • pink collar, jobs are women’s work

- ghetto, job mobility between the second and primary labour market is restricted (segregated)

38
Q

Which gender is more likely to work part-time?

A

Women, mainly involuntarily

39
Q

When women are seen in the primary labour market, what occupations are most concentrated in?

A
  • Occupations that fit with gender stereotypes of women as caring, nurturing beings
  • teaching, nursing and social work
  • less prestige than occupations dominated by men
40
Q

What is happening for cross-over

A

Trends have shown more cross-over between typical male and female occupations

41
Q

What is interesting to see with the trends of cross-over for pay equity?

A

As more women move into ‘mens jobs’ the pay goes down and the exact opposite is seen for men moving into ‘women’s jobs’

42
Q

Which gender is showing more cross-over?

A

Women are moving more into male dominated fields than men into women

43
Q

What percentage is considered female/male dominated in University degrees?

A

When 60% or more were that gender in the job

44
Q

What percentage is gender neutral?

A

Less than 60% of degrees were occupied by women or men

45
Q

Historically, did we have a gender wage gap?

A
  • large gender wage gap

- even for women and men in same jobs

46
Q

Now, do we have a gender wage gap?

A

-attitudes towards women working for pay have become more egalitarian but we still have a gap

47
Q

How did historical patterns of the gender wage gap reflect breadwinner ideology?

A

The man was earning money for the entire family, women were just earning money for incidentals

48
Q

What are the three ways the gender wage gap is studied?

A
  • compare annual earnings for gender, including full and part time
  • compare annual earnings of full time workers
  • compare hourly wages of full-time working women to full-time working men
49
Q

What do the different methods of studying gender wage gap still see?

A
  • still is gender wage gap

- some methods are more pronounced than others

50
Q

What does the wage gap vary systemically by?

A
  • marital status, single never married women
  • education, University educated women
  • age, younger women
51
Q

What are the four hypotheses that explain the gender wage gap?

A
  • women are over-represented in occupations at the lower end of the pay scale
  • women place a greater value on the non-pecuniary aspects of a job
  • gender stereotypes in many workplace organization tend to place higher value on mens patterns of employment
  • women’s greater family responsibilities lead them to opt for jobs that offer them a better work life balance
52
Q

What is hypothesis one, and what does the data show?

A
  • women are over-represented in occupations at the lower end of pay scale
  • half of the wage gap was explained by this
  • changes in career choice was one of the main factors for reduction in the gender wage gap in the 1980s

SOCI 201 (10 decks)

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