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SOCI 201 > Lecture 12-14 M2 > Flashcards

Lecture 12-14 M2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stratification?

A

The system of structured inequalities among different groups of people

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2
Q

What does structured refer to in the definition of stratification?

A

Persists across generations

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3
Q

What does inequality refer to in the definition of stratification?

A

Differential access to scarce resources

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4
Q

What does different groups of people refer to in the definition of stratification?

A

Access to scarce resources depends on class, gender, age, race and ethnicity

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5
Q

Is stratification a reflection of individuals?

A

No

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6
Q

What resources do sociologists study who are interested in stratification?

A
  • wealth
  • income
  • power
  • prestige
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7
Q

Define income

A

-earnings from work + investments + government

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8
Q

Define wealth

A

-total value of money + assets minus debt

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9
Q

Define prestige

A

-job related status

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10
Q

What does someone studying stratification by class ask?

A
  • how equal are modern societies
  • social mobility
  • why is there persistent poverty
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11
Q

What is a closed stratification system?

A

Difficult/impossible to move up social hierarchy

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12
Q

What is an open stratification system?

A

Few obstacles to social mobility, rewarded by merit

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13
Q

What are the four basic systems of stratification found both in past and present?

A
  • slavery
  • caste
  • estate
  • class
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14
Q

What is caste?

A

-type of stratification in which a persons social position is fixed at birth and cannot be changed

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15
Q

What is estate?

A

-inequalities between groups that are made by laws, futualism aristocrats clergy and commoners

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16
Q

Where is class as a system of stratification found in the present?

A

-system of stratification found in modern day societies like Canada

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17
Q

Compared to the other basic systems what is notable about class systems?

A

In principle:

  • fluid, boundaries between classes are not fixed
  • based on achievement, social mobility should be attainable
  • economically based, based on economic differences between groups
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18
Q

Define class

A

Refers to socioeconomic differences among groups that creates differences in their material prosperity, power and prestige

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19
Q

What are the main base of class differences?

A

-wealth and occupation (income +prestige)

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20
Q

Whats the difference between wealth and income?

A

Wealth is what you already have, income is what people get

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21
Q

What are the two ways sociologists try to classify occupations?

A
  • by industry sector

- by occupational type

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22
Q

Explain how to classify occupations by industry sector?

A
  • primary sector, raw materials from environment
  • secondary, raw materials into goods
  • tertiary, services
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23
Q

Explain how to classify occupations by occupational type?

A
  • agricultural occupations
  • blue collar occupations, lower prestige jobs involving mostly manual labour
  • white collar occupations, higher prestige involving mostly mental activites
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24
Q

What is the class structure of Canada?

A
  • upper class
  • middle class
  • working class
  • lower class
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25
Q

What is the upper class further divided into?

A
  • upper-uppers

- lower-uppers

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26
Q

What is an upper-upper?

A

Old money

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27
Q

What is a lower-upper?

A

Working or New rich

28
Q

What types of jobs make up the middle class

A
  • most are white collar workers
  • professionals
  • highly skilled blue collar workers
29
Q

What is the middle class further divided into?

A
  • upper middle class

- average middle class

30
Q

What makes someone in the upper middle class?

A
  • most have university degrees

- most work in high prestige occupations

31
Q

What makes someone an average middler

A
  • likely to be high school graduates

- most work in less prestigious white collar jobs or highly skilled blue collar jobs

32
Q

What are attributes of the working class?

A
  • most have blue collar jobs
  • lower income than middle
  • almost no accumulated wealth
33
Q

What attributes does the lower class have?

A
  • lowest family income
  • working poor
  • poor
34
Q

What is working poor?

A

People who’s income from working a full time job does not cover the cost of necessities

35
Q

What does the description of class structure in Canada tell us?

A
  • upper class inherits most
  • difference between middle and working class has to do with occupation
  • people can inherit advantages
36
Q

What are quintiles used for within a country?

A

Used to track differences in wealth and income

37
Q

How are quintiles made

A
  • divide population into five with each containing 20% of population
  • poorest are bottom quintile
  • richest are fifth quintile
  • calculate the share of wealth or income that accures to each group
38
Q

When would wealth and income be considered equal in quintiles?

A

Each group would have to have 20% of the wealth and income

39
Q

What is important to recognize when looking at wealth and income quintiles of a country

A

There is a clear pattern of stratification by class

40
Q

What is the Gino coefficient used for and what is it

A

Another way of tracking inequality and it calculates the extent to which the distribution of income deviates from equal

41
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of 0 represent

A

Exact equality, every person has the same income

42
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of 1 mean?

A

1 is total inequality and means one person has all the income

43
Q

How can we test if government taxes help reduce inequality

A

Compare two Gini coefficients for a country for the same year:

  • one using income before taxes
  • one using income after taxes
44
Q

Do government taxes help reduce inequality?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

-gaps between the living conditions of some groups and those enjoyed by the majority of the population

46
Q

What is absolute poverty and when is it used

A
  • Lack of basic necessities
  • most often used in policy debates
  • basis for calculating the poverty line
47
Q

Who is at higher risk of being poor in Canada?

A
  • children
  • women
  • visible minorities
  • indigenous
  • people living in rural areas
48
Q

Are the poor defined by employment status?

A

No, they’re defined by percentage of money families pay for basic necessities

49
Q

Are all poor people jobless?

A

No

50
Q

What is the blame the poor argument?

A
  • poor are responsible for their own poverty

- poor do not advance because of personal deficiencies

51
Q

What is the blame society argument?

A
  • poverty is caused by unequal distribution of resources
  • this challenges the assumption of equality of opportunity
  • lack of ambition is a consequence of lack of opportunity
52
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Movement of individuals between strata in the class hierarchy

53
Q

What is vertical mobility?

A

Movement up or down the class hierarchy

54
Q

What is lateral mobility?

A

Geographical movement between neighbourhoods, communities etc.

55
Q

Are vertical and lateral mobility connected?

A

Yes

56
Q

How do sociologists study social mobility?

A
  • by looking at individuals own careers and seeing how far they move, intrAgenerational mobility
  • by comparing children’s socioeconomic place and parents or grandparents intErgenerational mobility
57
Q

What does intra mean

A

One group

58
Q

What does inter mean

A

Between 2 groups

59
Q

What does equality of opportunity entail?

A
  • an open society
  • inequalities are not structured
  • inequalities that exist are explained by individual characteristics
60
Q

Why does occupational composition affect social mobility?

A

If the proportion of middle class jobs (white collar and blue collar) increases than the probability of upward mobility increases, if we had a total equal society everyone would be middle class

61
Q

Are middle class jobs increasing in Canada?

A

Yes

62
Q

What types of middle class jobs have gone up in proportion?

A

Much of white collar growth has occurred in lower positions

63
Q

What is the new working class?

A

Low paid, semi skilled, white collar workers

64
Q

What makes the new working class new?

A

They are white collar jobs not blue collar

65
Q

What makes it a working class in the new working class?

A

They’re low paid and semi skilled

66
Q

Is a new working class appearing in Canada?

A

Yes

SOCI 201 (10 decks)

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