Lecture 15 Flashcards
What is the function of the lower respiratory tract?
Conducts air to and from the site of gas exchange.
What are the folds attached to cartilages of the larynx?
Vocal and vestibular folds
Where is the larynx located?
It is anterior to the esophagus
What does the epiglottis do?
closes over the airway when swallowing
What 3 cartilages are in the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and tracheal cartilage
What are the vocal cords?
sed for normal phonation. Passing air causes vibrations
How does testosterone affect cartilage and muscle?
Results in longer and thicker folds = deeper voice
Where are vestibular folds located?
Superior to the vocal cords
What is the function of the vestibular folds?
Prevent foreign object entry to the glottis, and can produce very deep sounds
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus, between the larynx and primary bronchi
The function of the trachea
Maintain patent airway, has c-shaped cartilage rings.
What muscle contracts for coughing?
Trachealis
Why is the cartilage of the trachea c-shaped?
Acts as a protective barrier keep the airway open, and also allows room for the esophagus and the trachealis muscle to contract
Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx?
The epiglottis
How many lobes are on the right lung?
3 lobes
How many lobes are on the left lung?
2 lobes
What is the hilum?
Where bronchi and blood vessels enter
What epithelium makes up the bronchioles?
Cuboidal epithelium
What makes up the bronchioles?
Not cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation
Why does the left lung have one less lobe than the right?
The heart takes up this space
What changes occur to the cartilage along the LRT?
Trachea complete rings become platelets in the primary bronchi and larynx but are absent in the bronchioles.
What changes occur to the epithelial tissue along the LRT?
Respiratory mucosa decreases in height by the secondary bronchi.
What are the alveoli?
Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli (air sacs)
- Arranged like bunches of grapes
How many alveoli are in each lung?
150 million.
What are alveoli walls made up of?
They are thin and made of simple squamous epithelium
What is the external surface of the alveoli covered in?
A fine network of pulmonary capillaries
What is the alveolus covered by?
Dense capillary network. It is open on one side.
What do pneumocytes form?
The respiratory membrane/blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane.
What do type 2 cuboidal pneumocytes do?
Secrete surfactant that reduces the surface tension of alveola fluid.
Where in the upper respiratory tract would we find stratified squamous epithelium?
Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and vestibule of nose (skin)
The function of type 2 pneumocytes is to
Secrete surfactant
The larynx contains the ____which prevents inhalation of food and the ____which produces sound
Epiglottis, Vocal cords
The layers of the blood-air barrier a CO2 molecule will pass through:
Alveolar simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium
What type of epithelium is respiratory mucosa made from?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Air is made turbulent by
Conchae
Cartilage forms _____along the trachea and turns ____ in the bronchi
C-shaped, complete rings
