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Metabolism Semester 2 > lecture 12 - Weight management obesity > Flashcards

lecture 12 - Weight management obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity?

A

accumulation of excess body fat

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2
Q

Why do genetic factors favour food storage?

A

because we store food for times when we are lean due to evolution when we didn’t always have food available.

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3
Q

Obesity … with age

A

increases

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4
Q

obesity is more common in the …. educated and …. societies

A

less educated and poor societies

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5
Q

Three are …. obese than undernourished people

A

more

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6
Q

How to assess obesity?

A

BMI - weight in KG / M^2

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7
Q

BMI ranges?

A

20-25 - normal
25-30 - overweight
30-40 - obese
40 + - severe obesity

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8
Q

What are some anatomical differences in the way we deposit fat?

A

Android (apple shape) - located in the central abdominal area

Gynoid (pear shape) - located in the lower extremities, waist to hip ratio: men 1.0 and women 0.8 or waist circumference: men over 40 inches and women 35

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9
Q

What is android fat deposit associated with?

A

increased risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CHD

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10
Q

How are the different regional fats biochemically different?

A

abdominal fat cells:

  • larger and higher rate of fat turnover than lower body fat.
  • Abdominal adipocytes are hormonally more responsive than fat in the legs or butt
  • FAs taken up by the liver could lead to insulin resistance and increased synthesis of TAGs which are released as VLDL

gluteal fat:
-FFAs from gluteal fat enter the general circulation and there is no preferential action on hepatic metabolism

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11
Q

difference between subcutaneous fat and visceral fat?

A

sub - generally harmless
visceral - in abdomen including around the liver, stomach and intestines promotes inflammation and metabolic disturbances and it is associated with health complications like type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

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12
Q

What are the changes that occur in the accumulation of fat?

A
  • increase in the number of cells
  • increase in the size of the cells

it is easier to reduce the size fo the cells

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13
Q

Hypertrophic vs hyperplastic fat cells?

A

trophic - size

plastic - number of cells

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14
Q

Weight …… following episodes of overfeeding or underfeeding but …… to the set point

A

changes

but geos back to the

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15
Q

Main cause in the rise of obesity ?

A

cant be genetic factors and chemical or hormonal factors because they are the same.

  • main cause is the food industry in which a lot of our food now has additives and perservatives and we like to enjoy food. We use food as a dopamine hit
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16
Q

obesity behaves as a …. ….. …. with multiple ….. involved

A

complex polygenic disease with multiple genes involved

17
Q

mutation of what genee can cause obesity?

A

The gene that contorls leptin, if there is leptin deficiency you can become obese

18
Q

What is leptin?

A

An adipocyte peptide hormone that is made and secreted in proportion to the size of fat stores. More fat means more leptin.

19
Q

What genes are associated with obesity?

A

Ob gene

20
Q

Why is the Ob gene so important in obesity?

A

-because it produces leptin which acts on the satiety centre (hypothalamus)

21
Q

what is so important about the db gene ?

A
  • mutation in the db gene will cause leptin resitance in which many obese people have leptin resitance
  • leptin decreases appetite
  • insulin also decreases appetite
22
Q

signals that are sent by the hypotahlamus when underenourished

A

if no leptin, this is not controlled

23
Q

signals sent by hypothalamus when overnourished ?

A

if no leptin then it is not controlled

24
Q

Hormones that impact obesity?

A

ghrelin - appetite stimulating

cholecystokinin (CCK) - saiety signal

insulin - increases metabolism and decreases energy intake

25
Q
A
26
Q

What are the primary metabolic effects of obesity?

A
  • dyslipidemias
  • glucose intolerance
  • insulin resistance expressed primarily in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
  • meetabolic syndrome
  • non alcoholic liver disease
27
Q

What is the metabolic syndrome and what is it associated with?

A

charecterised by obesity, especially abdominal obesity

associated with:

  • hypertension
  • insulin resitance - hyperglycaemia and high levels of insulin
  • low levels of HDL but high levels of TAG and high levels of small, dense and atherogenic LDL
  • elevated plasma concentration of non esterfieed FAs
  • low grade systemic inflammation with high levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines
  • increased oxiditave stress
  • decreased fibrinolysis of blood clots
28
Q

Visceral adipose tissue has ….. lipolytic activity and so it releases …… which inhibit …….. and …….

A
  • high
  • glucose metabolism
  • insulin receptor signalling pathway
29
Q

What does leptin antagonise?

A

actions of insulin

30
Q

Whaat cytokines secreted by adipose tissue cause insulin resistance?

A
  • TNF-alpha
  • interleukins IL-1 and IL-6
  • monocyte chemotactic protein and resistin
31
Q

cortisol is secreted by ….. in an ….. manner

A
  • adipose tissue
  • unregulated
32
Q

What does cortisol increase?

A
  • hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose release
  • lipolysis and relase of non esterfied FAs in adipose tissue
33
Q

What is dyslipidemia?

A
  • insulin resitance in adipose tissue causes increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase whic leads to an incerase in circualting FAs
  • FAs are carried to the liver where it is converted to TAGs and cholestrol
  • These are released as VLDL and results in increase in serum TAGs
  • HDLs are decresased
34
Q

What is non alcoholic liver disease?

A
  • it is when obesity is associated iwth ectopic deposition of TAG in the liver and this leads to hepatic steatosis
  • results in increased risk of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
35
Q

What are some health risks of obesity?

A
  1. ) cancer - breast, prostate and colorectal
  2. ) atherosclerosis - CHD, high blood pressure, and stroke
  3. ) complciations of T11 DM
  4. ) respiratory disease
36
Q

As more food is eaten what increases ?

A
  • increased cost of digestion
  • increased cost of absorption
  • increased cost of synthesis of TAG and glycogen reserves
  • increased protein turnover
37
Q

as body weight increases what else increases?

A
  • increased BMR
  • increased cosst of physical activity
38
Q

What is the initial rapid weight loss associated with?

A
  • loss of water associated with glycogen
39
Q
A

Metabolism Semester 2 (20 decks)

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