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Immunology > Lecture 12: Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ T Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ T Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the most prominent T cells changes that occurs with age

A

Loss of CD28 expression and progressive accumulation of CD28- Tem cells, mainly in the CD8+ T cell population

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2
Q

T cells with reduced CD28 expression are characterized by

A

Decreased proliferative capacity
Shortened telomeres
Reduced TCR repertoire
Enhanced cytotoxic activity

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3
Q

Th1 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Cell mediated immunity
IFN-y
Intracellular microbes

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4
Q

Th2 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Ab mediated
IL-4, 5, 13
Helminthic parasites

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5
Q

Th17 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Inflammation and anti-bacterial
IL-17a/f, IL-22
Extracellular bacteria/fungi

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6
Q

Tfh cells function

A

Follicular helper T cells

Remain in LN and help B cells

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7
Q

Th1 cell immune reaction

A

Macrophage activation

IgG production

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8
Q

Th2 cell immune reaction

A

Mast cell/eosinophil activation
IgE production
Alternative macrophage activation

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9
Q

Th17 cell immune reaction

A

Neutrophilic, monocytic inflammation

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10
Q

IL-2 principal action

A

T cell proliferation

Regulatory T cell survival

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11
Q

IFN-y principal action

A

Activation of macrophages

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12
Q

IL-4 principal action

A

B cell switching to IgE

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13
Q

IL-5 principal action

A

Activation of eosinophils

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14
Q

IL-17 principal action

A

Stimulation of acute inflammation

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15
Q

IL-22 principal action

A

Maintenance of epithelial barrier function

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16
Q

TGF-b principal action

A

Inhibition of T cell activation

Differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg)

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17
Q

Development of Th1 cells

A

DCs/Macrophages produce IL-12 which activates STAT4 and T-bet
NK cells release IFN-y which activates STAT1
Together these stimulate the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into the Th1 subset

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18
Q

Th1 cells release IFN-y which

A

Inhibits the development of Th2 and Th17 cells

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19
Q

Development of Th2 cells

A

IL-4 produced by Mast cells/eosinophils activates transcriptions factors GATA-3 and STAT6 which stimulate differentiation of naïve CD4+ into Th2
-IL-4 produced by Th2 cells amplifies this response by inhibiting development of Th1/Th17 cells

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20
Q

Development of Th17 cells

A

IL-1, -6 and TGF-b activate RORyt and STAT3 which stimulate differentiation of Th17
In turn, IL-21 induced by RORyt and STAT3 amplify generation of Th17 cells in autocrine regulatory manner
IL-23 is very important for ACTIVATION of Th17 cells

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21
Q

IL-17 is produced by and does what

A

Th17 cells

Protects from EC pathogens and is involved in tissue inflammation and autoimmunity

22
Q

Type of selection resulting from low/medium/high avidity to self antigen

A

Low- Positive selection
Medium- Treg cell selection
High- Negative selection

23
Q

What is required for survival of Treg cells

24
Q

CD40L gene is located on which chromosome

A

X chromosome

25
Activation of classical macrophage by Th1 cells induces macrophage to secrete
TNF, IL-1,- stimulate leukocyte recruitment | IL-12- stimulates Th1 differentiation, IFN-y production
26
Th2 cells secrete what to activate alternative macrophages
IL-4, IL-13
27
Th2 cells secrete what to active eosinophils and B cells
Eosinophils- IL-5 | B-cells- IL-4
28
Alternative macrophage function
Anti-inflammatory effects, wound repair, fibrosis
29
Normal vs inflammatory ratio of IL-17/IL-22
Inflammatory: High ratio of IL-17/IL-22 Normal: Low ratio of IL-17/IL-22
30
CTL differentiation without helper T cells
CD8+ T cells recognize antigen + costimulators on professional APCs (suboptimal response)
31
y/d T cells can typically be found, they recognize what
On epithelial surfaces | Conserved, Non-peptide antigens
32
Pre activated status of y/d T cells
Upregulation of memory markers early in their development. | Allows rapid induction of effector functions following detection of tissue stress
33
Physiological roles of y/d T cells
Protective immunity against EX/IC pathogens Tumor surveillance Modulation of innate/adaptive immune responses Tissue healing and epithelial cell maintenance Regulation of physiological organ function
34
y/d TCRs are generated through
Somatic rearrangement of VDJ gene segments
35
y/d T cells can recognize
MHC-related and unrelated TCR ligands MHC I polypeptide related sequence A (MICA) which engages NKG2D DAMPS/PAMPS recognized by TLRs or Dectin-1
36
Dectin-1
PRR that plays important role in antifungal innate immunity | Specific receptor for beta-glucans (found in fungi)
37
Nontraditional y/d T cells have and are found where
y/d TCRs and (identical with a/b T cells)-CD3 | Intestine, uterus, tongue
38
y/d cells may be considered component of adaptive immunity because
Rearrangement of TCR genes occurs to produce diversity, however, they are much less diverse than a/b TCRs
39
y/d cells may be considered part of innate immunity because
Restricted TCR may be used as a PRR y/d TCRs recognize unpresented Ags Several y/d T cell subsets have a memory phenotype
40
NKT cells are
T lineage cells that share functional characteristics with both T cells and NK cells
41
NKT cells make up how much of hepatic T cells in liver
30-50%
42
Following activation, NKT cells can immediately
Commence cytokine secretion without first having to differentiate into effector cells
43
NKT cells are early/late line of defense?
Very fist line of innate defense against some bacterial/viral infections
44
Cytokines secreted by NKT cells have powerful effect on
a/b T cell differentiation and functions, which links NKT cells to adaptive defense
45
NKT cell immunological memory
They do not develop memory
46
NKT cells recognize
Self and foreign lipids and glycolipids
47
Cytokines produced by NKT cells
``` IL-10 IL-4 IFN-y TGF-b Th1/Th2 cytokines ```
48
Dysfunction or deficiency of NKT lead to
Autoimmunity Cancers Asthma progression
49
TCR on NKT cell recognizes what on DC
CD1d on APC presents lipid/glycolipid antigen
50
iNKT indirect activation with APC
Recognition of Ag on CD1d of APC will cause release of IL-12 from APC and subsequent release of IFN-y from NKT which will activate NK cells
51
iNKT indirect activation with immunosuppressive TAM
Recognition of Ag on CD1d of TAM will stimulate killing of the TAM leading to less immunosuppressive environment where tumor infiltrating NK cells can better perform

Immunology (21 decks)

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