Lecture 12

Question 1

Necrosis

Answer 1

“accidental cell death”
does not require signaling and gene expression
cell swelling
cell lyses and bursts, spilling contents
inflammation

Question 2

Apoptosis

Answer 2

"cell suicide"
requires signaling and gene expression
cell shrinkage
cell fragments into apoptotic bodies
no inflammation

Question 3

The way hypoxia kills neurons (necrosis)

Answer 3

Energy defect

lactic acidosis

Question 4

energy deficit

Answer 4

lack of oxygen disrupts energy production

Question 5

lactic acidosis

Answer 5

build up of lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism, low pH kill s cells

Question 6

The way hypoxia kills neurons (apoptosis)

Answer 6

Oxidative stress
glutamate excitotoxicity
inflammation

Question 7

oxidative stress

Answer 7

buildup of metabolic intermediates due to abnormal ATP prodution in the absence of oxygen that damage DNA proteins and membrane

Question 8

glutamate exitotoxicity

Answer 8

hypoxic neurons release excess amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which causes huge Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons which triggers apoptosis

Question 9

inflammation

Answer 9

immune cells can also accidentally damage and kill neurons by releasing substances that trigger apoptosis

Question 10

Does apoptosis cause inflammation

Answer 10

NOOOOOOOO but inflammation can cause apoptosis

Question 11

HOw does cerebrovascular disorders injure and kill neurons

Answer 11

Crushing and compression of neurons by bleeding hematoma

hypoxia

Question 12

crushing and compression of neurons by bleeding hematoma

Answer 12

causes death by necrosis occurs in cerebral hemorrhage only

Question 13

hypoxia

Answer 13

lack of oxygen in “downstream” neurons due to lack of blood flow causes both necrosis and apoptosis, occurs in both cerebral hemorrhage and cerebrovascular occulsion

Question 14

Different types of brain tumors

Answer 14

glioma
secondary metastases
primitive neuroectrodermal tumor PNET
Meningioma

Question 15

Glioma

Answer 15

glial cell tumor, very aggressive often found in adults

Question 16

secondary metastases

Answer 16

tumor that form elsewhere in the body invade into the brain from the bloostream , very aggressive, typically found in adults

Question 17

primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Answer 17

very aggressive neuroblastic tumor in young children

Question 18

meningioma

Answer 18

tumor of the meninges that grow outside the brain, typically very slow growing, typically found in adults

Question 19

Brain tumors kill neurons (necrosis)

Answer 19

compression due to tumor growth

Question 20

compression due to tumor growth

Answer 20

crushes kills neurons by necrosis also causes misfiring

Question 21

Brain tumors kill neurons (necrosis and apoptosis)

Answer 21

compression of blood vessels due to tumor growth

tumor hijacking of blood supply of nutrients and oxygen

Question 22

compression of blood vessels due to tumor growth

Answer 22

occludes blood supply can cause hypoxia and death of neurons by necrosis and apoptosis

Question 23

tumor hijacking of blood supply of nutrients and oxygen

Answer 23

can cause hypoxia and death of neurons by necrosis and apoptosis

Question 24

Brain tumors kill neurons (apoptosis)

Answer 24

inflammation

Question 25

inflammation

Answer 25

immune cells attacking tumor release substances that cause neurons to die by apoptosis

Question 26

coup

Answer 26

the initial injury to the brain from the skull striking an object

Question 27

contrecoup

Answer 27

"rebound" injury to the opposite part of the brain caused when the brain rebounds

Question 28

hematoma

Answer 28

tearing of blood vessels resulting in leakage of blood into brain

Question 29

edema

Answer 29

swelling of brain tissue in response to trauma

Question 30

Primary brain injury

Answer 30

necrosis of neurons due to physical damage of neurons due to coup, contrecoup, hematoma and edema

Question 31

Neural changes associated with primary and secondary brain injury in traumatic brain injury (necrosis)

Answer 31

compression of blood vessels due to hematoma decreased blood supply due to tearing of blood vessels

Question 32

compression of blood vessels due to hematoma

Answer 32

occludes blood supply to the brain causing hypoxia

Question 33

decreased blood supply due to tearing of blood vessels

Answer 33

can cause hypoxia

Question 34

Neural changes associated with primary and secondary brain injury in traumatic brain injury

Answer 34

immune cells removing cell debris release substances that can cause some surviving neurons to die by apoptosis

Question 35

2 main type of infections

Answer 35

bacteria and viruses

Question 36

2 common bacterial infections

Answer 36

bacterial meningitis | syphilis

Question 37

bacterial meningitis

Answer 37

invasion of the meninges by one of the several different species of bacteria

Question 38

syphillis

Answer 38

sexually transmitted bacterial disease

Question 39

viral brain infections

Answer 39

rabies and polio

Question 40

rabies

Answer 40

infects nerves through bites to the skin and moves into CNS

Question 41

polio

Answer 41

infects GI tracts but can enter CNS and infect sensory and motor neurons and cause paralysis

Question 42

primary injury

Answer 42

necrosis of neuronal cells by viral lysis or bacterial toxin

Question 43

secondary injury

Answer 43

immune system tells infected neurons to die by apoptosis