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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five different senses

A 
sight
taste
smell
hearing 
somatosensory
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2
Q

what kind of stimuli is sight responsive to

A

light stimuli

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3
Q

what kind of stimuli is taste responsive to

A

chemical stimuli

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4
Q

what kind of stimuli is smell responsive to

A

chemical stimuli

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5
Q

what kind of stimuli is hearing responsive to

A

mechanical stimuli

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6
Q

what kind of stimuli is somatosensory or touch responsive to

A

mechanical stimuli

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7
Q

The three different kinds of sensory receptors

A

photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

photoreceptors are associated with

A

vision; converting light energy into action potentials

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors are associated with

A

touch, and hearing;converting mechanical energy into action potentials

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10
Q

chemoreceptors are associated with

A

taste and smell; convert chemical energy into action potentials

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11
Q

the factors influencing receptive field sensitivity

A

individual receptor sensitivity

density of the receptive field

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12
Q

individual receptor sensitivity

A

different types of receptors have different sensitivities

ex: rods are more sensitive than cones

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13
Q

stimulus intensity is coded

A

greater intensity like brighter light or louder noise encoded by a greater discharge rate
ex: with brightness it sends out more action potentials to adjust your eyes to light

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14
Q

stimulus quality is coded

A

type of the receptor tells the brain the quality/nature of a stimulus
ex: greater quality differentiation for the greater levels received by specific colors receptors

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15
Q

Sensation

A

the registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory receptors

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16
Q

perception

A

the subjective experience of sensation

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17
Q

Factors contributing to perception

A
  • nature of sensation
  • context in which sensory events take place
  • our emotional state
  • past experiences and memories
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18
Q

Fovea

A

the region containing the largest density of photoreceptors; vision is actually sharpest here; makes up 1% of visual field

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19
Q

saccades

A

moving your eye to move your visual file to focus your fovea

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20
Q

blind spot

A

a region in your retina with no photoreceptors because of the optic nerve exiting the eye

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21
Q

Are photoreceptors hyper-polarized or depolarized by light

A

The more light hits the photoreceptor the more Na+ channels is will close, the more HYPERPOLARIZED a cell will be, the less glutamate will be released

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22
Q

rods

light sensitivity, size/shape, their functions, and what numbers of photopigments they contain.

A

more sensitive to dim light (night vision); only one type of pigment, responsible for night visions, large and cylindrical

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23
Q

cones

light sensitivity, size/shape, their functions, and what numbers of photopigments they contain.

A

more responsive to bright light; see fine detail and color; smaller; less sensitive; helps with motion; 3 types of light pigment ; smaller and tapered at the end

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24
Q

The different neurons involed in the neural relay for the visual system
photoreceptor -> striate cortex

A

light enters through the visual system-> photoreceptors (rods and cones)-> action potential from photoreceptors or either high low glutamate->horizontal cells (converge infor from receptors)->bipolar cells->acramine cells (converges from bipolar cells)-> retinal ganglion cells -> to the striate cortex

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25
Q

What is the ventral stream and where does it send info

A

the “what” path object identification

sends info to the temporal lobe

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26
Q

what is the dorsal stream and where does it send info

A

the “where” path, spatial location

sends info to the parietal lobe

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27
Q

What are 3 different effects of temporal lobe lesions on visual processing

A

visual cortex form agnosia
achromatopsia
akinetopsia

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28
Q

visual cortex from agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects from their shape

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29
Q

achromatopsia

A

inability to detect any colors

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30
Q

akinetopsia

A

inability to percieve movement or moving objects

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31
Q

The “where” information is processed int eh dorsal stream of the visual system

A

leaves the visual cortex through dorsal stream to the posterior parietal cortex. Recieveing ifno from the striate cortex and sends and recieves input from the moron and somatosensory cortex’s – allowing us to locate ourselves in space

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32
Q

The different effects of posterior parietal lobe lesions on visual functioning

A

apraxia
hemispacial neglect
defects in spatial memory, visual traching and visual attention

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33
Q

apraxia

A

inability to execute controlled movements

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34
Q

hemispacial neglects

A

lesion to the left - no longer able to use the right side of body

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35
Q

bottom-up processing

A

building up a mental representations the world based on if received by the senses and assembled through successive processing steps

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36
Q

top-down processing

A

our brain constructs representation of the world and then uses info from then uses info from the senses to the support or refute these constructs

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37
Q

Amplitude

A

tells us the volume of teh sound

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38
Q

frequencies

A

tells about the pitch

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39
Q

low frequency

A

lower pitch (long wavelengths)

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40
Q

high frequency

A

higher pitch (shorter but more frequent wavelength)

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41
Q

high amplitude

A

loud sound

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42
Q

low amplitude

A

soft sound

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43
Q

simple

A

pure tone

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44
Q

complex

A

mix of frequencies

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45
Q

The volume and pitch of sound are vonverted into changes in action potential firing in the auditory sense

A

the more amplitude the greater number of action potentials

the higher the pitch a more rapid cycle of action potentials

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46
Q

how sound vibrations are converted into changes in action potential firing by hair cells in the cochlea, specifically the role of K+ and K+ channels in this process

A

bending of hair cells one way opens k+channels on hair cells

  • that depolarizes cell because in these cells K+ is higher OUTSIDE THE CELL
  • the depolarization opes voltage gated gated Ca2 channels
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47
Q

the two ways volume or loudness influence action potential firing of auditory neurons.

A

Volume: loud noises bend the hair cells back and forth further. The louder the greater number of action potentials. The louder the more neurons there are producing actions potentials
Pitch- a more rapid cycle of action potentials; how fast the hair cells move back and fourth
(ALSO: they have a greater number of action potentials and a greater number of neurons producing those action potentials)

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48
Q

he name/location of the primary sensory cortex for taste

A

the insular cortex located between the frontal and temporal lobes

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49
Q

he name/location of the primary sensory cortex for smell

A

piriform cortex

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50
Q

he name/location of the primary sensory cortex for

A

the auditory cortex–temporal lobe

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51
Q

the five different tastes

A 
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
umami
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52
Q

what specific chemical signals that sweet responds to

A

bids to glucose

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53
Q

what specific chemical signals that salty responds to

A

Na+ enters cell

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54
Q

What specific chemical signals that sour responds to

A

H+ ion enters cell

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55
Q

what specific chemical signals bitter responds to

A

binds to a wide range aromatic compunds “our poison detector”

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56
Q

what specific chemical signals bitter responds to

A

binds to amino acids glutamate

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57
Q

the different variables affecting taste

A

emotional states
past experiences
genetics
saliva

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58
Q

emotional states

A

when we’re feeling sad or anxious, food tastes less good– comfort food

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59
Q

past experiences

A

foods that have sickened us taste less good, new strange foods taste less good than familiar ones

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60
Q

genetics

A

some people have certain taste proclivities and aversions particularly for bitter taste

61
Q

How does smell affect human behavior

A

eating behaviors
sensing danger
sex and social behavior

62
Q

eating behaviors

A

good or bad smelling food may encourage or discourage us from eating

63
Q

sensing danger

A

fire or predator scent

64
Q

sex and socail behavior

A

scent of receptive females sled, kin, strangers of our own species

65
Q

The main neural structures involved in the neural control of movement

A 
Frontal cortex
    -Basal Ganglia 
    -Cerebellum
Brainstem
spinal cord
muscles 
somatosensory
66
Q

Movement - Frontal cortex –Basal ganglia and Cerebellum

A

FC- iniates and plans movement
BG- regulates the force of movements
C- detects and corrects errors in movement

67
Q

Brainstem

A

relays commands to the spinal cord

68
Q

spinal cord

A

transmits signals to lower motor neurons

69
Q

muscles

A

carry out movements

70
Q

Somatosensory system

A

provides feedback about movement

71
Q

The three main parts of the frontal cortex

A

prefrontal cortex
premotor cortex
motor cortex

72
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

initiates movement goals

73
Q

premotor cortex

A

organizes movement patterns plans out movement

74
Q

motor cortex

A

actually sens out the comman ds for producing specific movements through different patterns of muscle activation
(carries out the plan)

75
Q

How would lesionas affect the function of prefrontal cortex

A

gives you impaired judgement; having trouble getting rid of bad plans

76
Q

How would lesions affect the function of the premotor cortex

A

trouble putting together patterns movement; can still do stuff but they can’t put together patterns of movement

77
Q

how would lesions affect the function of the motor cortex

A

paralysis or inability to carry out specific movements

78
Q

agonists

A

a muscle that causes specific movement or possible several movements to ocur though the process of its contraction (Pulling and causing of a movement )

79
Q

antagonists

A

a muscle that acts in opposition to specific movement generated by the agonist

80
Q

muscle

A

consists of long cylindrical cells (muscle fibers) , which pull on each other causing contracting or shortening of muscle fibers

81
Q

motor unit

A

multiple muscle fibers

82
Q

the tow different types of movement symptoms associated with damage to the basal ganglia

A

hyperkinetic symptoms

hypokinetic symptoms

83
Q

WHich disease is associated with hyperkinetic symptoms

A

Tourrette’s syndrome ; the tics

Huntington’s (chorea)

84
Q

Which disease is associated with hypokinetic symptoms

A

Parkinson’s disease

85
Q

which pathway is associated with hyperkinetic symptoms?

A

direct pathway

86
Q

which pathway is associated with hypokinetic symptoms

A

indirect pathway

87
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia in force correction

A

knows plan of movement and weighs with movement occurring- either increases or decreases the force of the movement by increasing or decreasing its drive to the thalamus.

88
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in movement error correction

A
  • the cortex sends movement info down the spinal cord to muscles
  • the cerebellum also receives a copy of this motor program from the cortex via the inferior olive
  • the cerebellum then sends corrective feedback to the premotor cortical neurons so that the next time the motor program is send down it is adjusted based on this sensory feedback and experience
89
Q

What are the four different types of somatosensory info

A

nocioception
thermoreceptor
hapsis
proprioception

90
Q

what does nocioception respond to

A

(skin) pain

91
Q

what does thermoreceptors respond to

A

(skin) temperature

92
Q

What does hapsis respond to

A

fine touch and pressure

93
Q

what does proprioception respond to

A

(muscles, tendons and joints) body awareness, muscle stretch and joint angle

94
Q

Rods and convergence

A
  • more rods converge on each bipolar neuron and more rod bipolar neurons converge on each rod ganglion cell
  • rods are important for sensing dimlight so more convergence make sese since it means more bipolar neurons will be activated if any rods get activated by light
  • convergence makes the rod system a better detector of light because small signals from many rods are pooled to generated a large response in the bipolar cell
95
Q

Cones and convergence

A

cones are important for fine detail discrimination so less convergence makes sense if we want a fine map of an object

96
Q

the different functions of the dorsal stream and posterior parietal cortex

A
  • localization of objector in in the body in space
  • producing planned movements
  • spatial memory (where things are)
  • visual attention (being able to follow/ track a moving object)
97
Q

How does the process of line detection take place by retinal ganglion cells

A

Each retinal ganglion cell receives input from a number of nearby bipolar cells, which receive input from a number of nearby photoreceptors
Thus each ganglion cell has a distinct receptive field of photoreceptors which will be activated if light hits them and will activate that ganglion cell
The retina therefore consists of thousands of receptive fields

98
Q

How is line information summed to provide line detection in the primary visual cortex

A

Each cell in the visual striate cortex receives input from several retinal ganglion cells
Input from several ganglion “spot” cells sum and activate a single neuron in the temporal cortex
This becomes translated into lines
Different neurons respond to different line orientations
Neurons responding to lines in different parts of the visual cortex are arranged into columns in the visual cortex

99
Q

WHere are how line info converges to provide shape detection in the visual system

A

Input from the striate visual cortex is sent to the inferior temporal cortex via the ventral system
Input from many different “line” neurons integrate onto a single inferior temporal cortical neuron that processes these individual lines or edges into shapes

100
Q

HOw is sound perception lateralized in the brain

A
  • sensory neurons in the cochlea send axons to the neuron in the nuclei in the brainstem
  • the brainstem neurons send axons to the neurons in the midbrain
  • the neruons in the midbrain send axons to the thalamus
  • the thalamic neurons to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
  • the auditory info crosses over oposite sides of the
101
Q

which side of music and language are processed on

A

speech and language are processed in the left temporal lobe. music is processed in the right temporal lobe

102
Q

what are the main components of human thought or cognition

A

perception
attention
memory
executive functions

103
Q

perceptions

A

the ability to recognize and interpret sensory stimui

104
Q

attention

A

the ability to sustain concentration on a particular object, action or thought

105
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and recall info

106
Q

executive functions

A

abilities that enable goal oriented behavior such as abliity to plan and execute a goal , impulse, problem sovling coming up with new ideas etc

107
Q

what are the methods by which cognition is studied

A

psychological testing, brain imaging, psychophisiological methods

108
Q

what different types of phsychological tests are used for studying which aspects of cognition

A

perception (how long to recognize objects), attention (how long a subject focuses on something), memory (remember#’s words, symbols and executive function tests ( are people sucessful in solving a particular problem)

109
Q

MRI

A

measures size or volume of different brain regions

110
Q

FMRI

A

measures change in blood flow to the brain regions and allow us to quantify the amount as well as localizaiton of brain activity in response to a particular cognitive task

111
Q

PET

A

can measure GLUCOSE UTILIZIATION and allow us to quantify the amount as well as the localization of brain activity in response to a particular cognitive task

112
Q

EEG

A

the recording of electrical activity of the brain through scalp electrodes
it tells us about the timing and magnitude of neural activity in the brain but not where the activity is coming from

113
Q

What are the two different brain areas involved in language comprehension and formation

A

Wernicke’s area

Broca’s area

114
Q

Wernice’s area

A

in the left temporal cortex, responsible for language comprehension

115
Q

broca’s area

A

in the lower left frontal cortex; responsible for language production/formation

116
Q

how is language lateralized in the brain

A

language comprehension is laterlaized in the lower left frontal cortex and is responsible for speech production. it receives input from wernicke’s area, memroy areas (like the hippocampus) and prefrontal cortex about identity of words and their meaning and activates neurons in the motor cortex that activates lips, tongue, pharynx etc to prduce correct sound

117
Q

Which sicde is important for literal communiation

A

the left temporal lobe is important for understanding and creating literal language

118
Q

which side is important for insincere communication

A

the right temporal lobe is important in detecting lies, sarcasm innuendo humor and other forms of insincere communication

119
Q

The functions of the anterior cingulate cortex

A

a set of neurons that are activated by sensory input that is novel, complex, conflicting, and aversive or unrewarding and sends output to the PREFRONTAL CORTEX to develop a new plan

120
Q

WHen does the anterior cingulate cortex be more active

A

when a task is difficult or unfamiliar and when a subject is focused rather than distracted or anxious

121
Q

What are the different congnitive behaviors afiliated with the associate cortex ?

A 
Planning and impulse control 
language comprehension and reading 
Problem solving 
attention 
imitation and understanding
122
Q

what cortical areas are associated with language comprehension and reading

A

wernicke’s area, broca’s area, left and right temporal lobe and prefrontal motor cortex

123
Q

what cortical areas are associated with problem solving

A

anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, cerebllum and basal gangila motor cortex

124
Q

what cortical areas are associated with planning and impulse control

A

prefrontal cortex; premotor cortex

125
Q

what cortical areas are associated with attention

A

parietal association cortex, anterior cingulate cortex

126
Q

what cortical areas are associated with imitation and understanding

A

prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex, mirror neurons, left temporal lobe

127
Q

Mirror neurons

A

cortical neurons that fire when a movement is made or when the same movement is seen to be made by another

128
Q

Cognitive functions of mirror neurons

A

Imitation and understanding
development of language, recognition and understanding of facial expressions and gestures and sounds
understanding the intentions of others giving us empathy

129
Q

Convergent intelligence

parietal and temporal lobe

A

the ability to apply memory or reasoning kill to come up with the correct answer

130
Q

divergent intelligence

A

the ability to use uncontentional knowledge a creative approach to come up with novel solutions

131
Q

What are the brain changes in ADHD

A
  • reduced size and connectivity of the PREFRONTAL CORTEX
  • decreased volume in the stratum of basal ganglia wich is involved in motivation as well as inhibition of impulse motor behavior (hyperactivity)
  • decreased amygdalal size and connectivity which could contribute to problems with emotional regulation
132
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in ADHD

A

Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Glutamate

133
Q

Dopamine and ADHD

A

decreased signaling results in decreased reward pathways that may cause children to seek out new stimuli for greater reward increased impulsivity

134
Q

Acetylcholine and ADHD

A

decreased signaling may decrease attention

135
Q

Norepinephrine and ADHD

A

decreased signaling may decrease arousal in response to certain sensory cues

136
Q

Glutamate and ADHD

A

in signalng may increase arousal and thought in the brain

137
Q

brain changes in schizophrenia

A
  • smaller brain size and larger ventricles
  • specifically the prefrontal cortex and cingulate, hippocampus and medial temporal cortex and smaller (regions associated with cognition, memory and emotional regulation
138
Q

What are teh different hypothesis regarding neurotransmitters and shcizophrenia

A

Dopamine hypothesis

Glutamate hypothesis

139
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

brain of shcizo may have incerased dopamine signaling, dopamine receptor levels are increased in the frontal cortex and striatum
-dopamine receptors antagonists are effective theraputic agents for schizophrenia wihle amphetamiens promote the release of dopanine which can exacerabe schizo symptoms

140
Q

glutamate hypothesis

A

brains of schizophrenics may have increased glutamate signaling

  • glutamate is used though out the brain and especially the cortex as an exicatory NT
  • excessive glutamate release onto the neruons may randomly increase their firitn in a way tha increases random thoughts and sensations thus producing the irrational way thought process and hallucinations of schizo
  • excessing glutamte levels an also reslut in death of neurons by glutatmte exitocicity
141
Q

positive symptoms of Schizo

what they have that we don’t have

A

hallucinations
delusion
paranoia
disorganized though and speech

142
Q

negative symptoms

less treatable have biggest negative impact on quality of one’s life

A

blunted emotional responses
social withdrawal
catatonia

143
Q

the neural changes of schizo

A

disorganization of hippocampal and cortical neruons
decreased cerebral myelination and oligoendrocyte function
reduced dendrite and axon formation in the cerebral corex

144
Q

the brain changes occuring with cognitive decline with aging

A
  • decreased performance on cognitive tests of memory perceptions attentional and executive function
  • decreased brain volume, particularly in anterior brain regions in cortical regions
145
Q

What are the nerual changes occurring with cognitive decline with aging

A

decreased myelination of cortical neurons
loss of neurons throughout the brain from normal wear and tear
decreased neruongensis in the hippocampus

146
Q

Neruodiversity

A

the approach to learning and disablity which suggests that diverse neurlogical conditions appear as a result of hormonal variation of the human genome

147
Q

Neurodiversity hypothesis

A 
Hunter Farmer Hypothesis (ADHD)
Shaministic Hypothesis (Schizo)
148
Q

Hunter Farmer Hypothesis (ADHD)

A

Having a distributed attention style was adaptive for hunter gatherers
hunters bring back food to the trive so they have to be hyperfocused and hypersensitive as well as very creative as succeesd in catching their prey
-farmers have a routine day to day life style so being super focused isn’t very necessary

149
Q

Shamanistic Hypothesis

A

Seeing visions and hearing voices may have been beneficial for shamans in tribal socieites

Bio Psychology (11 decks)

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